揭开自由心证的面纱:德国意涵与中国叙事  

Unveiling the Principle of Free Evaluation of Evidence:Its German Origin and Understanding in China

作　　者：王颖[1,2] Wang Ying

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院 [2]德国海德堡大学

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第6期102-117,共16页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“刑事证据审查:理论、事实与规范之间”(项目编号:22FFXB061)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：自由心证原则经法国传入德国,1846年由萨维尼在德国确立,伴随着主观主义与客观主义之争,其意涵逐渐明晰:法官内心确信与证据自由评判为自由心证之积极要件;证据禁止、经验法则、逻辑法则、证据综合评判规则等限制为自由心证之消极要件;实质性庭审、裁判说理与公开、法律救济途径属于程序保障。我国新法定证据主义建立在对自由心证原则传统而不系统的认知之上,作为“自由心证亚类型”的印证证明理论亦存在对自由心证原则的定位偏差与理解错位。自由心证理念早已静水深流地影响着我国司法实践,在反思与纠误之间,中国化自由心证原则的轮廓逐渐清晰:作为刑事裁判之基本原则,自由心证原则并非证明标准,却蕴含证明标准;心证自由而非恣意,受到证据能力与证明力规则之限制;实质性庭审、判决说理与公开、法律救济途径是自由心证原则由应然走向实然之基本程序保障。Free evaluation of evidence was introduced to Germany by Savigny in 1846 from France,sparking a debate between subjectivism and objectivism.This principle emphasizes the importance of personal conviction and independent judgment as central elements,while cautioning against the limitations imposed by evidence prohibitions,rules of thumb,logical constraints and the rule of comprehensive evidence evaluation.Ensuring a fair legal process,key procedural safeguards include substantive court hearings,transparent reasoning,and access to legal remedies.The new doctrine of legal evidence in China is rooted in a traditional yet evolving interpretation of the principle of free evaluation,with the theory of corroboration at times misconstruing this concept.Through reflection and refinement,the understanding of free evaluation in Chinese criminal justice has gradually become clarified:it serves as a fundamental principle,not a standard of proof,encompassing standards of proof within its framework.Free judgment is guided by rules of evidence and relevant values,maintaining a balance between discretion and adherence to legal standards.Procedural safeguards such as substantive court hearings,transparent reasoning,and legal recourse further uphold the integrity of the free evaluation principle.

关 键 词：自由心证原则 主观主义 客观主义 新法定证据主义 印证证明理论 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学] D951.6[政治法律—法学]