《法言》:语录“家数”,设辞“本领”——兼论古代文章辨体的原则和方法  

Model Sayings:Quotation-Based Literary Schools and Rhetorical Techniques--A Discussion on the Principles and Methods of Genre Distinction in Ancient Chinese Writing

作　　者：赵德波[1] Zhao Debo(the School of Humanities&Literary Thought Research Center at Guangzhou University)

机构地区：[1]广州大学人文学院、文学思想研究中心,广东省广州市510006

出　　处：《文艺理论研究》2024年第5期151-159,共9页Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“语录类文献整理与儒家话语体系建构及传承的研究”[项目编号:20&ZD265]、国家社科基金一般项目“本事解经传统影响下的汉代文学研究”[项目编号:21BZW082]阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《法言》是扬雄模仿《论语》而作,但是从典籍的名称、文本的外部结构、内部形态以及文风语体来看,《法言》在文体上与《论语》存在显著差异。二者在文体方面的差异,乃是扬雄在模仿中的独创,是对标准语录体的改造和超越。从《法言》的文体形态、结构考察,《乾·文言》的中间板块联翩排列的六轮虚拟问对才是《法言》的文体之祖。《法言》中的问答,与当时流行的设辞极为相似,文体属性更为接近。《法言》在汉代诸子著作中卓尔不群,是一部袖珍型设辞分门别类的连珠集锦。扬雄之所以选择以连珠集锦形式来结撰《法言》,与他对问答型和集锦型的书写方式的情有独钟密切相关。中国古代文章辨体应注意到文章写作的主观愿望与客观效果之间的关系,对文体的考辨应遵照循名责实的基本原则进行,同时还应兼顾中国古代文体界限的模糊性、文体溯源的精准性和文本生成的渐进性等问题。Model Sayings,written by Yang Xiong as an imitation of The Analects,exhibits significant stylistic differences from The Analects in aspects such as title,external structure,internal form,and language.These differences reflect Yang Xiong's originality,as his work transforms and surpasses the standard quotation-based discourse.A structural analysis of Model Sayings reveals that the six rounds of hypothetical dialogues in the middle section of Qian Wenyan serve as its stylistic prototype.The question-and-answer format in the Model Sayings closely aligns with popular rhetorical forms of the time,and its stylistic attributes are more akin to these contemporary modes.Unique among the works of Han dynasty philosophers,Model Sayings stands as a compact anthology of categorically arranged rhetorical pearls.Yang Xiong's decision to compile Model Sayings in this format stems from his particular affinity for the question-and-answer and anthology styles of writing.In the study of ancient Chinese genres,it is crucial to consider the relationship between the author's subjective intent and the text's objective impact.Also should be taken into account is the ambiguity of genre boundaries,the accuracy of tracing literary origins,and the gradual evolution of textual forms.

关 键 词：扬雄 《法言》 设辞 文体 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]