识别成功与贡献潜能:美国精英大学STEM博士招生选拔理念与标准解析  

Identifying Potential for Success and Contribution:An Analysis of Admission Philosophies and Criteria for STEM Doctoral Programs at America's Elite Universities

作　　者：万圆 黄雅玲 WAN Yuan;HUANG Yaling(Academy for China's Rule of Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学中国法治战略研究院,上海201620

出　　处：《复旦教育论坛》2024年第5期49-58,128,共11页Fudan Education Forum

基　　金：2024年上海市重点智库课题“拔尖创新人才培养的政策法规保障研究”;2023年度国家公派访问学者项目(留金选〔2023〕40号)。

摘　　要：以哈佛大学和加州理工学院为案例,研究发现美国精英大学STEM博士项目致力于培养科技领袖,为此设置了严格的学位授予条件,注重训练原创性研究所需的科技素养与发展可迁移的专业技能。基于选育一体化导向及组织发展需求,精英大学在粗筛中以有望获得博士学位的成功潜能为基准,在细筛中重点关注通过不同形式使国家、社会、组织或学术共同体受益的贡献潜能,体现了优绩主义立场与投资立场的并存。用于对候选者成功与贡献潜能进行整体评估的四个标准中,学术准备度是淘汰标准,学术创新潜力是主要决胜标准,积极个性品质有助做出区分,志趣匹配度是竞争基础和加分项。我国应重视体系化选育多元类型的领军科学家,加强可迁移专业技能的培养,优化品性识别,细化志趣匹配度考察。Using Harvard University and California Institute of Technology as cases,this research reveals that elite STEM doctoral programs in the United States have been dedicated to cultivating future scientific and technological leaders.These programs establish rigorous degree requirements,focus on training scientific and technological literacy to conduct original research and developing transferable professional skills.Based on an integrated approach of selection and training,aligned with organizational development needs,America's elite universities employ the potential for successful doctoral degree completion as a benchmark for initial screening,and prioritize assessing a candidate's potential to contribute to the nation,society,the university or the academic community in subsequent stages,reflecting a balance between meritocratic principles and strategic investment.Four criteria have been used to holistically evaluate a candidate's potential for success and contribution:academic preparation(an eliminating factor),academic innovation potential(the primary selection criterion),positive personal qualities(a differentiating factor),and alignment of research interests and career goals with the specific program and faculty(a baseline requirement and advantageous factor).The study suggests that China should attach importance to the systematic selection and training of diverse types of leading scientists,strengthen the cultivation of transferable professional skills,refine the assessment of character,and enhance the evaluation of the fitness of applicants and program/faculty.

关 键 词：美国精英大学 STEM博士 招生选拔 成功潜能 贡献潜能 

分 类 号：G649.712[文化科学—高等教育学] G643[文化科学—教育学]