《民法典》不动产抵押权效力及于法定孳息规则释论  

The Interpretive Analysis on the Effectiveness of Real Estate Mortgage on Legal Fruit in Civil Code

作　　者：曹明哲 Cao Mingzhe

机构地区：[1]北京市高级人民法院

出　　处：《中国不动产法研究》2024年第2期148-165,314,共19页Research on Real Estate Law of China

基　　金：教育部重大攻关项目“民法典民族性表达与制度供给研究”(21JZD033)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第412条基本延续了《物权法》第197条关于抵押权效力及于法定孳息的规定。但是该条存在着诸多适用上的争议,并内含各权利人对法定孳息的竞存。《民法典》第412条中的“扣押”应作扩大解释,包括扣押与查封;且不论是抵押权人轮候查封还是其他债权人查封;抵押权人通知仅系其对抗清偿义务人的要件,而非抵押权效力及于租金的法定生效要件。根据担保物权物上代位中的法定债权质押构造,不动产抵押物被扣押后,不动产抵押权效力及于租金可被解释为法定债权质权。因此,不动产抵押权人与租金质权人对于抵押物被扣押后渐次到期的租金产生竞存时,二者可被视为同种类担保物权竞存,依照扣押之前的设定时间先后确定优先顺位。Article 412 of the Civil Code basically uses the provision of Article 197 of the Property Law,the mortgagee has the right to collect the natural or legal fruits when the property is detained.However,there are arguments about application of Article 412,reflecting disputes with the right of legal fruits between obligees.Detainment in Article 412 of Civil Code should be interpretated extensively,including both detaining and seizure,no matter it is waiting-in-line seizure under mortgagees request or seizure under other creditors request.Also,the notification of rent by mortgagee is not an element of validity of mortgage extending to rent,but an element for mortgagee against debtor.According to theory of legal pledge in subrogation,mortgage extends to rent after the mortgaged real estate is detained,which could be interpreted as legal pledge.Therefore,when there is conflict of rent due after detainment between mortgage of real estate and pledge of rent,it could be interpreted as conflict between same kind of security interest,and the priority should be determined by sequence of their set up before detainment of property.

关 键 词：不动产抵押权 租金 物上代位 债权质押 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]