明代气学的发生机理与张载哲学之气学定性  

The Formation Mechanism of Qi Theory in the Ming Dynasty and its Qi-related Interpretation in Zhang Zai's Philosophy

作　　者：丁为祥[1] Ding Weixiang

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学哲学学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《社会科学战线》2024年第12期54-69,281,共17页Social Science Front

摘　　要：明代气学究竟是如何发生的?其形成又存在着什么样的发生机理?应当说明王朝思想专制的不断强化不仅导致曹端“特从古册中翻出古人公案”,而且一定要将理学探讨引向“造化之理”的方向,这就形成了走向气学的趋势与可能;罗钦顺对朱子理气关系的颠倒又构成了从理学到气学转进的关节点;至于王廷相,则完全出自反佛而一以“元气论”为归,所以到了吴廷翰,也就全然从气学的立场立论了。但明代气学的这一形成过程同时也带来了对于前人思想之“裹挟”性的解读。比如张载哲学,其气学定性最早缘起于朱子对北宋四子思想总体性的继承与按需分配式的派定;而明代气学则又借助张载的“虚气相即”反拨朱子的“理先气后”说,但最后仍然对张载哲学进行气学性择取。张载固然并不排除气学所坚持的客观存在之第一性立场,但持同样立场的理学与心学不能不被划定为唯心论者。实际上,无论是张载还是程朱陆王,其思想价值主要在于其独特的为学进路上,并不在于其核心概念之属性规定上。How did Qi theory emerge in the Ming Dynasty,and what were the mechanisms behind its formation?It should be noted that the increasing intensification of ideological autocracy in the Ming Dynasty not only led Cao Duan to“unearth ancient precedents from classical texts,"but also inevitably directed the exploration of Neo-Confucianism towards the“principle of creation,"thereby creating the trend and potential for the rise of Qi theory.Luo Qinshun's reversal of Zhu Xi's relationship between Li(principle)and Qi marked a pivotal shift from Neo-Confucianism to Qi theory.As for Wang Tingxiang,his staunch opposition to Buddhism led him to embrace the“theory of primordial Qi,"and by the time of Wu Tinghan,the arguments had entirely shifted to a Qi-based perspective.However,this formation of Qi theory in the Ming Dynasty also led to a“constrained"interpretation of earlier thoughts.For example,the classification of Qi theory in Zhang Zai's philosophy can be traced back to Zhu Xi's comprehensive inheritance and selective distribution of the thoughts of the Four Masters of the Northern Song Dynasty.While the Qi theory in the Ming Dynasty relied on Zhang Zai's idea that“the void and Qi are concomitant"to challenge Zhu Xi's assertion that“Li precedes Qi,"it ultimately adopted the Qi-related elements of Zhang Zai's philosophy.Although Zhang Zai did not reject the primacy of objective existence upheld by Qi theory,Neo-Confucianism and the School of Mind,sharing the same stance,were still categorized as idealistic schools.In reality,the main value of the thoughts of Zhang Zai,Cheng-Zhu,and Lu-Wang lies not in the attribute definitions of their core concepts,but in their distinctive approaches to learning.

关 键 词：明代气学 张载哲学 王阳明 王廷相 气学定性 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学]