旧学新知:中国共产党对乡土杂字的利用改造  

New Knowledge of Old Learning:The Communist Party of China's Utilization and Transformation of Local Miscellaneous Characters(1921-1949)

作　　者：温海波 Wen Haibo

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院

出　　处：《近代史研究》2024年第6期25-34,35-39,M0003,共16页Modern Chinese History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“明清以来杂字读物的知识社会史研究”(23BZS071);江西省高校人文社科重点基地项目(JD21035)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：认读杂字是近代中国乡村社会的识字传统之一,中国共产党在革命进程中对这一传统的态度前后有变,由涤故更新逐渐转向继承发展。土地革命时期,中国共产党新编的识字教材政治色彩浓厚,对适应民众生活的古旧杂字相对忽视。全民族抗战时期,随着拉丁化新文字运动在陕甘宁边区受阻,中国共产党因应民众识字需求和认读习惯,发掘利用乡民熟稔的杂字,通过改变杂字的编纂方式、部分内容和教读方法,既延续明清以来注重实用的“文字下乡”传统,又注入了革命的智识与情感。对乡土杂字的利用改造,虽是中国共产党识字运动史上的低音,却为革命的启蒙动员建立了新通道,也为新中国的大规模扫盲提供了实践经验。这套改旧作新的文字学习路径,对政治动员与日常生活之间的张力有所调适,是中国共产党根植于中华传统文化的一次守正创新。Teaching miscellaneous characters was a significant literacy tradition in modern Chinese rural society,and the Communist Party of China(CPC)shifted its attitude toward this tradition from negation to inheritance and development.During the Land Revolution period,the CPC's new literacy textbooks were highly political in nature,often neglecting the practical value of the miscellaneous characters familiar to the rural population.However,during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,when the Latinized script movement was hindered in the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area,the CPC adapted to the literacy needs and reading habits of the rural population by recognizing and incorporating these miscellaneous characters into their educational materials.This change in the CPC's approach not only altered the way textbooks were compiled and taught,but also revitalized the"texts to the countryside"tradition,which had emphasized the practicality of written language since the Ming and Qing dynasties.At the same time,the CPC infused this tradition with revolutionary ideals and emotional resonance.While the use of miscellaneous characters may be seen as a"low point"in the history of the CPC's literacy campaign,it nonetheless opened a new avenue for revolutionary mobilization and enlightenment,leaving invaluable experiences for the subsequent mass literacy campaigns following the founding of the People's Republic of China.The CPC's pragmatic approach to incorporating miscellaneous characters helped ease the tension between political mobilization and everyday life,representing a corrective innovation that bridged revolutionary goals with traditional Chinese culture.

关 键 词：乡土杂字 陕甘宁边区 识字教育 政治文化 知识社会史 

分 类 号：H12[语言文字—汉语] K25[历史地理—历史学] D239[历史地理—中国史]