“天下之大命脉”与“利权下散”——试探明清经济空间变迁对经济组织之形塑  

"The Lifeblood of the World"and"The Decentralization of Economic Power'The Shaping of Economic Organizations by the Shift of Economic Space in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：彭凯翔 赵士第 Peng Kaixiang;Zhao Shidi(School of Economics and Management,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072;School of History,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学经济与管理学院,武汉430072 [2]武汉大学历史学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期113-125,共13页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“明清以来我国传统工商业账簿史料整理与研究”(21&ZD078)。

摘　　要：中古以降,中国的经济空间格局发生了数次重大变化,塑造了不同时期的资源流动及其组织形态。其中的关键节点是明代中期开始的财政“白银化”,它意味着财政转输为贸易与金融所替代,南方经济腹地与北方军政消费间的物资流动“命脉”转化为南北间的长距离贸易与资本流。清代的边疆开发与对外贸易,进一步将此扩展为纵横交错的网络形态。以资源与要素在空间上的重整为动力,政治权力与经济权力之间进行了不同形态的互动与组合,由此形塑了经济组织的演进过程,尤其是为市场类组织的成长提供了契机。一个典型体现是地方货币秩序的稳定更加依赖于市场主导的货币流通,呈现“利权下散”之势,深刻地反映了时代的变迁及明清中国有别于同时代重商主义国家的演进路径。Since the medieval period,China's economic spatial pattern has significantly changed for several times,shaping the flow of resources and their organizational forms in different periods.A pivotal point was the"silverization"of finance since the mid-Ming Dynasty.This transition signified the replacement of fiscal transfers by trade and finance,transforming the"lifeblood"of material flows between the economic hinterland in South China and the military and administrative consumption in North China into long-distance trade and capital flows between North and South China.The development of border areas and foreign trade in the Qing Dynasty further expanded this into an intertwining network.Driven by the spatial re-allocation of resources and factors,various forms of interaction and combination emerged between political and economic powers,thereby shaping the evolution of economic organizations,particularly offering opportunities for the growth of market organizations.A typical representation was that the stability of local monetary order became more reliant on the market-driven currency circulation,displaying a trend of"decentralization of economic power",and profoundly reflecting the epochal changes and the evolutionary path of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China that differed from the mercantilist countries of the same era.

关 键 词：明清经济 经济空间 经济组织 明清市场 货币流通 

分 类 号：F092.2[经济管理—政治经济学]