宁蒙河套引黄灌区节水与生态安全十点认识与判断  

Ten understandings and judgments on water and ecological safety in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Hetao Yellow River irrigation district

作　　者：赵勇[1] 翟家齐[1] 张鹏程 刘宽[1,3] 董义阳 王彦兵 汪勇 杨志[6] 徐阳 Zhao Yong;Zhai Jiaqi;Zhang Pengcheng;Liu Kuan;Dong Yiyang;Wang Yanbin;Wang Yong;Yang Zhi;Xu Yang

机构地区：[1]中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室,北京100038 [2]宁夏大学,银川750021 [3]天津大学水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室,天津300072 [4]中国长江三峡集团有限公司,北京101199 [5]宁夏回族自治区水利调度中心,银川750002 [6]宁夏回族自治区水利科学研究院,银川750021 [7]内蒙古自治区水利科学研究院,呼和浩特010051

出　　处：《中国水利》2024年第23期26-35,共10页China Water Resources

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC3200200);国家杰出青年科学基金项目(52025093);国家自然科学基金项目(51979284);中国工程院咨询项目“黄河几字弯区水-土-经济高质量协同发展战略研究”(2024-XBZD-11)、“内蒙古农牧交错带保护修复与高质量发展战略研究”(2023NMZA-01);内蒙古自治区水利科技项目(NSK202406)。

摘　　要：宁蒙河套引黄灌区是我国西北地区重要的生态安全屏障,也是区域绿色屏障建设和高质量发展的核心区,由于降水稀少,引黄水一直是支撑灌区经济社会发展和生态安全的“生命之水”。对宁蒙河套引黄灌区的用水量、灌溉用水效率、生态演变、地下水变化、地下水埋深阈值、秋浇冬灌、水稻种植规模、水盐平衡、节水潜力等方面进行分析,提出:过去20多年,宁蒙河套引黄灌区是农业用水水平提升幅度最大的区域之一,用水效率评价需综合考虑区域干旱缺水条件以及引黄灌溉的生态功能;持续高强度节水大幅度降低了引黄取水量,区域地下水补给量同步降低,导致地下水水位呈现大面积、持续性下降,深刻影响灌区生态安全,湖泊湿地水循环已经由自然补给转变为以人工补给为主,自然植被生态向人工生态转变趋势显著,研究认为维持生态健康的地下水平均适宜埋深为2.5~3.0 m;灌区地表盐渍化整体呈减轻趋势,但仍处于持续积盐状态;秋浇冬灌定额存在一定优化空间,但不可高估其节水潜力;水稻种植兼具经济与生态功效,大规模压减及适宜种植规模仍需结合实际情况综合论证;考虑经济技术可行和生态健康,宁夏引黄灌区、内蒙古河套引黄灌区的耗水节水潜力分别为0.6亿m3、2.2亿m3,再进一步节水会对灌区生态产生显著影响。提出“四水四定”原则下宁蒙河套引黄灌区深度节水路径与节水管控行动策略。The Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Hetao Yellow River irrigation district is a critical ecological security barrier in Northwest China and a core region for green barrier construction and high-quality development.Due to limited rainfall,water diverted from the Yellow River has long been the“lifeline”supporting the economic and social development and ecological security of the area.This study analyzes aspects such as water usage,irrigation efficiency,ecological evolution,groundwater changes,groundwater depth thresholds,autumn and winter irrigation,rice cultivation scale,water-salt balance,and water-saving potential,presenting the following insights:Over the past two decades,the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia Hetao Yellow River irrigation district has been one of the regions with the largest improvements in agricultural water use efficiency.Evaluations of water use efficiency should comprehensively consider regional drought and water scarcity conditions as well as the ecological functions of Yellow River irrigation.Continuous high-intensity water-saving measures have significantly reduced water diversion from the Yellow River,simultaneously decreasing groundwater recharge,leading to widespread and persistent groundwater level declines,which profoundly impact the area’s ecological security.Lakes and wetlands have shifted from natural replenishment to predominantly artificial replenishment,and natural vegetation is increasingly transitioning to artificial ecosystems.The study suggests that an average groundwater depth of 2.5 to 3.0 meters is optimal for maintaining ecological health.Although soil salinization in the area shows a general trend of alleviation,it remains in a state of continuous salt accumulation.There is room for optimizing autumn and winter irrigation quotas,though the water-saving potential should not be overestimated.Rice cultivation offers both economic and ecological benefits,but the scale of rice reduction and optimal planting areas require comprehensive evaluation based on practical conditions.Considering

关 键 词：宁蒙河套引黄灌区 用水效率 地下水 生态安全 节水潜力 

分 类 号：TV213[水利工程—水文学及水资源] X171.4[环境科学与工程—环境科学]