成本与成效:清代西南增设中下级土司考——以贵州旧田氏领地为例  

Costs and Effectiveness:An Examination of the Addition of Lower-RankTusi in Southwestern China during the Qing Dynasty--A case study ofthe old TIAN’s territory in Guizhou Province

作　　者：杨曾辉 YANG Zeng-hui(Biquan Academy&School of Philosophy,History and Culture,Xiangtan University,Xiangtan,Hunan 411105,China)

机构地区：[1]湘潭大学碧泉书院·哲学与历史文化学院,湖南湘潭411105

出　　处：《湘潭大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第6期146-153,共8页Journal of Xiangtan University:Philosophy And Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“明初以来贵州田氏宣慰司领地土流并治研究”(22FZSB035);湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目“契约文书所见明至民国南岭北麓的社会经济史研究”(21B0157)。

摘　　要：永乐十一年(1413)明廷革罢思州、思南两田氏宣慰司并就其领地分置八府,自此以后直到清朝灭亡,这片土地处于土流并治格局。在近五百年的岁月里,朝廷始终未打破两田氏旧属中下级土司格局,即使清雍正朝还推行了大规模改土归流,但朝廷依然因时制宜,不断增设中下级土司。据此,可证在土流并治格局中,中下级土司或被改土归流土司嫡裔的地方影响力,并未随着州县确立而消减。由于州县流官面临短期内很难克服的施政困境,故流官不得不借助中下级土司以协助征缴赋税、派差轮役和传播教化。以此观之,作为王朝国家职官制度的土司制度,具有流官制度不可取代的科学性、有效性和合理性,而作为其结构性部分的改土归流的本质,则是依律惩处不法土司。In the eleventh year of the Yongle era(1413),the court of the Ming Dynasty abolished the pacification superintendencies of the two TIAN families in Sizhou and Sinan,and divided their territory into eight prefectures.From then on until the fall of the Qing Dynasty,this land was under a dual governance system of native chieftains and appointed officials.Over nearly five centuries,the imperial court never broke the established pattern of the middle and lower-rank Tusi(native chieftains)promoted from the former Tian territories,even though in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty large-scale reforms were carried out to“gai tu gui liu”(meaning“change native chieftains for appointed officials”),the court continued to add lower-rank native chieftains as the then circumstances required.According to this,it can be proved that within the dual governance system known as“tu liu bing zhi”(joint governance by native chieftains and appointed officials),the local influence of middle and lower-rank native chieftains,or their direct descendants who were converted to appointed officials,did not diminish with the establishment of prefectures and counties.Due to the administrative difficulties faced by appointed officials in the short term,they had to rely on lower-rank native chieftains to assist in tax collection,labor conscription,and the dissemination of education and culture.From this perspective,the Tusi system,as part of the dynastic state’s official system,possessed an irreplaceable scientific,effective,and rational nature compared to the appointed official system.The essence of the reform to replace native chieftains with appointed officials,as a structural component,was to punish unlawful native chieftains according to the law.

关 键 词：土司制度 改土归流 土流并治 保留与增设 成本与成效 

分 类 号：K24[历史地理—历史学]