从康德“沉默期”看先验哲学的主导问题与逻辑起点  

The Leading Problem and Logical Starting-Point of Transcendental Philosophy According to Kant’s“Silent Period”

作　　者：刘晚莹 LIU Wanying

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学分析》2024年第6期44-56,192,共14页Philosophical Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“以《遗著》为中心的康德晚期先验发生学体系研究”(项目编号:22BZX110)。

摘　　要：在1770—1781年间,康德专注于为《纯粹理性批判》的写作做准备。通过考察康德这一时期的书信、反思笔记和课程讲义,我们可以更清楚地理解《纯粹理性批判》中先验哲学的主导问题和逻辑起点。首先,先天智性表象的对象关联问题被康德看作构成“形而上学的全部奥秘的钥匙”,它也进而成为引导康德建立其先验哲学的主导问题。围绕这一问题,康德对人类的“纯粹思”(纯粹知性)的根本运作方式进行了反复的探索,最后在18世纪70年代中后期将知性的基本特征确定为综合性与自发性。康德以这种综合和自发的纯粹思为逻辑起点展开其先验哲学的体系建构,最终导向了论证感性与知性之关联的先验演绎的思考。During the period 1770—1780,Kant focused on preparing for the Critique of Pure Reason.By examining Kant’s letters,notes,and lecture texts from this period,we can understand more clearly the leading problem and logical starting-point of transcendental philosophy in the Critique of Pure Reason.First of all,Kant regards the problem of the object-relation of a priori intellectual representations as“the key to the entire mystery of metaphysics,”making it central issue in his establishment of transcendental philosophy.In addressing this problem,Kant repeatedly explored the fundamental workings of human“pure thinking”(pure understanding),and by the mid-to-late 1770s,he ultimately identified the basic characteristics of understanding as synthetic and spontaneous.Kant takes this synthetic and spontaneous pure thinking as the logical startingpoint for the construction of his transcendental philosophical system,which ultimately leads to the thought in the transcendental deduction that demonstrates the connection between sensibility and understanding.

关 键 词：康德 “沉默期” 对象关联 综合 自发性 

分 类 号：B5[哲学宗教—外国哲学]