人格判断能力的老化:信息量的调节作用  

Aging of personality judgment ability:The moderating role of information richness

作　　者：刘雪萍 怀淇琛 龚先旻[3] 彭华茂 LIU Xueping;HUAI Qichen;GONG Xianmin;PENG Huamao(School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology,Beijing 102617,China;Institute of Developmental Psychology,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre,The Chinese University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China)

机构地区：[1]北京石油化工学院人文社科学院,北京102617 [2]北京师范大学发展心理研究院,北京100875 [3]香港中文大学何鸿燊海量数据决策分析研究中心,中国香港999077

出　　处：《心理学报》2025年第1期71-83,共13页Acta Psychologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(71771027)。

摘　　要：人格判断对个体社会功能的发挥具有重要影响。本研究采用2(判断者年龄组:老年、年轻)×3(目标人物信息量:单一、中等、丰富)被试间实验设计,考察了信息量对老年人和年轻人人格判断准确性的影响,包括普遍准确性(对目标人物所在群体人格共性判断的准确性)和特有准确性(对目标人物个体人格判断的准确性)。结果显示,老年人人格判断的普遍准确性高于年轻人,且信息量的多少并不影响这一年长优势。信息量只影响特有准确性判断的年龄差异:单一信息量(仅实时文字)时,老年人的特有准确性低于年轻人;中等(实时文字和声音)和丰富信息量(实时文字、声音和图像)时,二者表现相当。综上,老年人的人格判断能力总体保持较好,且能有效利用增量信息来弥补与年轻人在特有准确性上的差距。Personality judgment,the assessment of others'personalities,is a fundamental social cognitive ability that significantly impacts individuals’social functioning.Does this ability differ between younger and older adults?While previous research has primarily focused on the accuracy of personality judgment across ages,the present study delved deeper into two distinct components of this accuracy−−normative accuracy and distinctive accuracy−−to gain a more comprehensive understanding of age-related variations in personality judgment.We hypothesized that older adults may possess an advantage in normative accuracy due to their richer life experiences and social knowledge related to different groups(H1).However,cognitive declines associated with aging may hinder their ability to gather and utilize individual-specific personality information in specific contexts,resulting in decreased distinctive accuracy.Furthermore,we investigated how the richness of personality-relevant information available within the same time duration moderates the age differences in personality judgment.We predicted that younger adults would be more proficient in utilizing incremental information to improve their distinctive accuracy,while older adults’cognitive declines would limit their proficiency in doing so,thereby widening the gap in distinctive accuracy between the two age groups(H2).Testing these hypotheses will advance our understanding of age differences in personality judgment.To achieve these objectives,we adopted a 2(age group of judge:older and younger)×3(richness of information:unitary,medium,and rich)between-subject experimental design.A total of 81 older participants(aged 60~83 years,M±SD=66.67±4.44)and 82 younger participants(aged 18~27 years,M±SD=21.98±2.12)were recruited to serve as judges.They watched the self-introduction videos of 24 target characters presented in a sequence,including 12 older adults and 12 younger adults.Each self-introduction video had three versions with varying richness of information,whic

关 键 词：人格判断 普遍准确性 特有准确性 老化特点 信息量 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]