定窑遗址出土制瓷原料的科学分析  

Spectroscopic Analysis of Porcelain-Making Materials Excavated From the Ding Kiln Site

作　　者：陈殿[1] 崔剑锋 秦大树 黄信 李鑫 CHEN Dian;CUI Jian-feng;QIN Da-shu;HUANG Xin;LI Xin(Archaeology and Art Research Center for Pottery and Porcelain,School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;Key Laboratory of Archaeological Science of Ministry of Education of Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;Department of Archaeology,Hangzhou City Univerisity,Hangzhou 310015,China;Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Shijiazhuang 050031,China;Institute of Archeology,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院陶瓷考古与艺术研究中心,北京100875 [2]考古科学教育部重点实验室(北京大学),北京100871 [3]浙大城市学院考古学系,浙江杭州310015 [4]河北省文物考古研究院,河北石家庄050031 [5]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《光谱学与光谱分析》2025年第1期72-81,共10页Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(22&ZD245);国家社会科学基金后期资助暨优秀博士论文项目(22FKGB001)资助。

摘　　要：首次通过窑址发掘出土的制瓷原料,复原了定窑不同时代的胎釉配方。对2009年定窑作坊遗址考古发掘所出五代至宋金时期二十余种制瓷原料开展了ED-XRF成分分析和XRD结构分析等光谱学分析。ED-XRF成分分析显示,这些原料可能包括单一原料和混合原料两种。其中单一原料包括岩石、粘土以及草木灰。混合原料则包括胎料和釉料两种。XRD结构分析表明用于定窑白瓷生产高岭土类原料是含有蒙脱石和方解石的伴生石英的长石类矿物原料。高铁粘土类原料由于铁含量特别高,应当是用于配黑釉的粘土。钙质原料的分析与康葆强等学者对定窑配釉用的灰料可能使用了40%的白灰和60%的松木灰配制的结论相同。同时,还发现了釉灰,即草木煅烧石灰石后形成的混合灰料。在分析定窑白瓷釉时,认为五代的白瓷釉可能使用了釉灰配制,因此定窑釉灰的使用可能推早到五代,这是目前发现使用釉灰配釉最早的实例。对制胎原料XRD晶相分析的结果表明,除了石英和高岭石占主要比重外,还含有长石、蒙脱石、方解石等岩石类矿物。从对单一原料的X射线衍射的分析结果看,石英是粘土以及岩石这类单一原料中都含有的一类矿物,因此可能石英并非必须要添加的胎体原料。石英和高岭石是粘土原料中的主要成分,因此制胎原料应该主要以岩石类原料和粘土作为主要配料。定窑细白瓷胎料可能使用了粘土类原料配合第一类岩石类原料的配方,其配比在金代时大约为1∶1左右,北宋时期可能约为7∶3(粘土∶岩石),五代时大概为6∶4左右。对制釉原料分析结果表明,定窑配釉原料是岩石类原料与釉灰配合形成的,五代、北宋时岩石和灰的比例约为9∶1,金代时石:灰达到了9.5∶0.5。这使得我们对定窑鼎盛时期的白瓷胎釉配方有了更加清晰的了解,从而为开展定窑的复烧提供了确凿的依据�This paper restored the formula of the Ding ware at different times for the first time by analyzing the raw materials for porcelain making that had been unearthed at the kiln site.Spectroscopic examinations such as ED-XRF compositional analysis and XRD structural analysis were performed on over twenty types of ceramic raw materials recovered from the Ding Ware workshop site archaeological excavations spanning the Five Dynasties to the Song and Jin periods in 2009.ED-XRF analysis revealed that these materials could be categorized as either Singular raw materials or composite raw materials,including rocks,clay,and plant ash for the former,and body and glaze materials for the latter.XRD analysis demonstrated that the kaolin-type raw materials utilized for producing Ding Ware white porcelain are feldspar-type mineral raw materials comprising montmorillonite and calcite-associated quartz.High-iron clay raw materials,characterized by their exceptionally high iron content,are presumably used for black glaze.The analysis of calcareous raw materials concurs with the findings of scholars such as Kang Baoqiang,who postulated that the glaze materials for Ding Ware might have been composed of 40%lime and 60%pine ash.AdditionGlaze ash was also identified,ash produced by calcining limestone with plants.In the analysis of the glaze of Ding Ware white porcelain from the Five Dynasties,it was inferred that glaze ash was utilized,thus the use of glaze as.Thusing Ware could be traced back to as early as the Five Dynasties,marking the earliest documented instance of using glaze ash in glazing.XRD crystalline phase analysis of the body raw materials indicated that aside from quartz and kaolinite being predominant quartz and kaolinite,they also contained feldspar,montmorillonite,and calcite,erals.X-ray diffraction analysis of singular raw materials showed that quartz is a mineral found in both clay and rocks,suggestint quartz may not be an essential additive for the porcelain body.Quartz and kaolinite are the principal components of cl

关 键 词：定窑 制瓷原料 光谱学分析 

分 类 号：O4-34[理学—物理]