刑法中违法性认识的应然对象与实然认定  

Appropriate Object and Actual Identification of Illegality Cognition in Criminal Law

作　　者：孙运梁[1] Sun Yunliang

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第12期79-94,共16页Law Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“总体国家安全观视域下数据安全的刑法保护研究”(项目编号:23BFX119)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：刑法中讨论的违法性认识指的是认识到违反了刑法的禁止规范、评价规范。违法性认识属于责任要素,故必须结合责任论来讨论违法性认识的对象。在自然犯的场合,形式违法性认识与实质违法性认识之间的位阶关系不明显,只要行为人对构成要件事实有认识,就能认定其具有实质违法性认识,同时也存在形式违法性认识(可能性)。在法定犯(行政犯)的场合,只有在明知行政违法性的基础上,还(可能)认识到行为的刑法禁止性,才能说具备刑法上的违法性认识。形式违法性认识与实质违法性认识存在明显的位阶关系,只有认识到形式违法性才能认识到实质违法性,而且,形式违法性具有明确的刑法规范标准,故处于优先位阶,若能断定行为人具有形式违法性认识,就能认定存在违法性认识。在法治国家,形式判断优先于实质判断,形式违法性认识是优先的,若认识到了形式违法性,但未认识到实质违法性或者不认可实质违法性,也能肯定违法性认识。In order to construct the theory of “illegality cognition” independently in China, it is necessary to focus on the key issue of “object” of illegality cognition in criminal law. The illegality cognition in criminal law refers to the cognition of violating prohibitive and evaluative norms. We must discuss the object of illegality cognition using theories of liability because of the association between them. The “prohibition” in criminal law has no direct correlation with the “breach” in civil or administrative law. And the cognition of the fact that an act is prohibited by civil law, etc, is not equal to the motivation of opposition in criminal law, thus can not provide a basis for punishment. In the case of natural offense, the legal rank between the awareness of formal illegality and the substantive illegality is not obvious. So as long as the perpetrator has realized the facts of the constituent elements, it could be drew the conclusion that he has the awareness of substantive illegality, as well as the possibility of formal illegality.In the case of a statutory offense, illegality cognition in criminal law can only be said to be present if, on the basis of awareness both of administrative illegality, and perhaps of criminal prohibition of the act. For this, the hierarchical relationship mentioned above is clear. So the awareness of the formal illegality is a critical precondition of the awareness of substantive illegality. Moreover, the formal illegality is prioritized for it has an explicit normative criterion in criminal law. And the existence of illegality can be established if it can be concluded that the perpetrator is aware of the formal illegality. In a nation governed by the rule of law, where the formal judgement takes precedence over substantive judgement, the formal illegality is a priority. And despite the absence or disapproval of the awareness of the substantive illegality, the illegality cognition can be affirmed if there is awareness of the formal illegality.

关 键 词：违法性认识 刑事违法性 形式违法性 实质违法性 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]