高等教育何以应对人口危机:日本与韩国的破局之策  

How Higher Education Responds to the Demographic Crisis:the Game-breaking Experience of Japan and South Korea

作　　者：张峰铭 洪成文[1] ZHANG Fengming;HONG Chengwen(Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《比较教育研究》2024年第12期17-26,36,共11页International and Comparative Education

基　　金：2023年度国家社会科学基金教育学一般课题“世界一流大学可持续发展战略的比较研究”(项目编号:BDA230233)。

摘　　要：日本与韩国是东亚乃至世界范围内人口老龄化、少子化问题最为严重的国家,人口问题深刻地影响两国社会的各方面,其中就包括高等教育。从历史角度来看,日韩两国人口变迁与高等教育毛入学率的变化大致经历三个阶段。发展至今,少子化与老龄化的双向夹逼给两国高等教育带来严峻挑战,高等教育供应市场过饱和,银龄人口终身教育问题难以保障,高等教育供给与市场需求失配以及高校教师大规模老龄化。为此,日本与韩国在高教领域采取系统性的政策干预手段:科学调控高等教育规模,强化教育质量保障;广泛开辟创新学习空间,促进终身教育发展;着力加大教育财政投入,削减高等教育开支;深化高等教育国际化,盘活海外人力资源。Japan and South Korea are facing the most serious challenges of population aging and subreplacement fertility in East Asia and globally.The profound changes in population structure have significantly impacted all aspects of society in these two countries,including higher education.From a historical perspective,the demographic shifts and gross enrollment ratios in higher education in Japan and South Korea have undergone three distinct phases.Currently,the dual pressures of sub-replacement fertility and an aging population pose significant challenges to the higher education systems of both countries,including oversaturation of the higher education supply market,lifelong education needs for the elderly population,mismatches between higher education supply and market demand,as well as large-scale aging of higher education teachers.As a result,Japan and South Korea have implemented systematic policies in higher education.These measures include scientifically adjusting the scale of higher education to enhance quality assurance;extensive creation of innovative learning spaces to promote lifelong learning;increasing financial investment in education while reducing students'spending on higher education;and deepening internationalization efforts within higher education to invigorate overseas human resources.

关 键 词：日本 韩国 高等教育 人口危机 

分 类 号：G649.313[文化科学—高等教育学] G649.312.6[文化科学—教育学] D731.3[政治法律—政治学] D731.26[政治法律—中外政治制度]