大学生“蹲考族”现象研究:理性人假设的视角  

Research on the Phenomenon of“Dunkaozu”among College Students:from the Hypothesis of Rational Man Perspective

作　　者：吴克明 欧阳奥琪 冯帮 WU Ke-ming;OUYANG Ao-qi;FENG Bang(School of Education Science,Hunan Normal University,Changsha 410081,China;School of Education Science,Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University,Guangzhou 510665,China)

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学教育科学学院,湖南长沙410081 [2]广东技术师范大学教育科学学院,广东广州510665

出　　处：《广西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2025年第1期72-84,共13页Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：2019年度国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目“比较视野下高等教育与社会流动的关系变迁研究”(BFA190058)。

摘　　要：近年来,大学生就业形势日益严峻,越来越多的失业大学生选择了“蹲考”。访谈和问卷调查发现,蹲考族表现为以自愿性蹲考为主、获得家庭支持、期望到体制内单位和大城市或家乡城市就业等特征。从理性人假设的角度来看,蹲考族现象的原因在于蹲考的预期收益大于预期成本。严峻的就业形势降低了蹲考的机会成本,家庭的支持增强了蹲考族对经济成本和心理成本的承受能力;蹲考的预期收益包括更多的就业机会和更高的就业质量。蹲考是失业大学生为了实现预期收益最大化的理性选择,是一种人力资本投资行为,体现了一种自立自强的奋斗精神和人生态度,无法也无必要完全消除。应对蹲考族现象的解决思路在于:提高其考试成功概率,提高大学生就业率和就业质量。Recent years has witnessed more and more graduates,under high employment pressure,cornered to act as“Dunkaozu”(“the squatting test group”,i.e.those unemployed college-degree candidates with sole preference to posts of governmental organizations or public institutions).According to the interview and questionnaire surveys conducted,most of them are voluntary to be a squatter,they get support from family,and they expect to work in government-sponsored organizations or institutions in big cities or hometown cities.From the perspective of hypothesis of rational man,such a social phenomenon is available in that the expected benefit is greater than the expected cost.The expected cost includes opportunity cost,economic cost and psychological cost-the severe employment situation has reduced the opportunity cost,and the support of family has lessened their economic and psychological costs;the expected benefit includes more employment opportunities and higher employment quality.“Dunkao”is a rational choice for unemployed graduates based on the maximization of the expected benefits,and it is a kind of human capital investment behavior,telling a kind of struggle spirit and life attitude of self-reliance,which can not and need not be completely eliminated.To deal with the phenomenon,it is urgent to enhance their chances of success in the exam,and improve the employment rate and quality.

关 键 词：蹲考族 理性人假设 预期收益 预期成本 人力资本投资 大学生就业 代际流动 

分 类 号：G424.74[文化科学—课程与教学论]