汉唐皇帝即位仪式演进的历史逻辑——以《尚书·顾命》的诠释为中心  

The Historical Logic of the Evolution of Enthronement Rituals from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty:According to the Interpretation of the Shang Shu Gu Ming(《尚书·顾命》)

作　　者：范云飞 Fan Yunfei

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国传统文化研究中心

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第9期4-18,19-27,M0003,共25页Historical Research

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“传统中国的民本理论与实践研究”(22JJD720024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《尚书·顾命》是汉唐时期皇帝即位的核心经典依据。汉代官方今文《顾命》经说认为,先君大殓与嗣君即位同日举行。东汉皇帝即位即据此施行。东汉末年,郑玄根据儒家礼制中“吉凶异道,不得相干”的原则,重新诠释古文《顾命》,将即位(吉)安排在大殓(凶)次日,由此调适礼仪的吉凶交替与情感的哀乐转换。郑玄的新诠对魏晋以降经学诠释与礼制实践影响深远。从长时段看,汉唐各朝先君去世、新君即位的时间间隔逐渐拉长,议礼者、行礼者、观礼者对《顾命》经义的反复使用,不断对即位仪式产生影响。中国古代皇帝即位仪式具有超长延续性、富含世俗理性精神、深受经典诠释影响的特点。The Shang Shu Gu Ming is the reference par excellence for the enthronement of emperors from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.According to the ofcial Jin Wen(今文)Gu Ming(written in the clerical script)of the Han dynasty,the encofning ceremony(Da Lian,大殓)for the departed emperor was to be held on the same day as the enthronement of his successor.Such was the practice for the Eastern Han.In the late Eastern Han,however,Zheng Xuan reinterpreted the Gu Wen(古文)Gu Ming(written in ancient script)in accordance with the Confucian belief that“auspicious and inauspicious rituals have different paths and must not interfere with one another”,arranging for enthronement(auspicious)to take place on the day after the encoffining(inauspicious),thus alternating auspicious and inauspicious and the transition between sadness and joy.Zheng Xuan’s new interpretation would have a profound impact on subsequent interpretations of Confucian classics and ritual systems following the Wei and the Jin periods.From a longterm perspective,between the Han and the Tang,the interval between death and enthronement gradually lengthened under the infuence of the Gu Ming scripture and its interpretation by those who discussed,performed,and observed the rituals.In general,ancient Chinese enthronement rituals can be characterized by the continuity,the secular rational spirit,and the infuence of classic inte rpretations.

关 键 词：汉唐礼制 经典诠释 皇帝即位 《尚书·顾命》 经学史 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学] K234[历史地理—中国史]