普殊同与阿多诺对辩证法的两重唯物主义定向  

Postone and Adorno's Dual Materialist Orientations in the Dialectics

作　　者：陆凯华 LU Kaihua

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学哲学系

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第12期23-33,70,共12页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“西方马克思主义进程中的德国观念论:从卢卡奇到齐泽克”(项目编号:21CZX004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：普殊同在社会认识论的层面上提出了一种“资本辩证法”。借助资本范畴,普殊同剖析了以价值积累为目标的资本主义劳动,何以历史性地、客观地转换且重构了社会深层结构,形成一种以劳动时间为内核的抽象统治;同时,普殊同借助辩证法的思想资源,解析了资本范畴在社会中介意义上的内涵、运动过程及其形成的与劳动的内在张力,并描绘了其在结构与历史两个维度上的辩证运动过程。在理论效果上,一方面,以普殊同为代表的价值形式学派形成了一种以资本为“社会主体”的“肯定的辩证法”,重新拯救了卢卡奇主—客辩证法的解放性之维,并消解了存在于批判理论界的悲观情绪;但另一方面,普殊同的资本辩证法却存在不可避免的“概念强制性”与“理论封闭性”,这必须借助阿多诺的“否定的辩证法”才能得以揭示。在阿多诺看来,辩证法唯有重新转向客体,才能真正成为唯物主义的。阿多诺对辩证法另一重的唯物主义定向,不仅对资本辩证法潜藏的唯心主义风险做出提示,其否定性要素也可以为之提供一种朝向客体的开放性。为此,普殊同与阿多诺的“思想联盟”未尝不是一种可取的理论构想。套用康德的说法:若无肯定的辩证法,否定的辩证法则会陷入空洞;若无否定性要素,肯定的辩证法必将陷入盲目。In the realm of social epistemology, Postone has proposed a dialectic of capital. By employing the category of capital, he dissects how the capitalist labour aimed at value accumulation has historically and objectively transformed and reconstructed the deep social structure, leading to domination of abstraction centered on labor time. Simultaneously, Postone, drawing on the intellectual resources of dialectics, analyzes the connotations and movement processes of the capital category in its role as a social intermediary, as well as the intrinsic tensions it forms with labor itself, and delineates its dialectical motion process across both structural and historical dimensions. In terms of theoretical effect, the school of thought represented by Postone has formed an “affirmative dialectic” with capital as a subject, rescuing the emancipatory dimension of Lukács' subject-objective dialectic and dissipating a certain pessimistic sentiment that actually exists in the field of critical theory. However,on the other hand, Postone's dialectics of Capital inevitably has conceptual coercion and theoretical closure, which must be revealed through Adorno's “negative dialectic”. In Adorno's view, only by reorienting towards the object can dialectics truly become materialistic. Therefore, Adorno's alternative materialistic orientation of the dialectical method not only alerts to the hidden idealistic risks of the capital dialectic but also provides it with an openness towards the object through its negative elements. In this way, the intellectual alliance between Postone and Adorno is indeed a feasible theoretical conception. To paraphrase it in way of Kant: without affirmative dialectics, negative dialectics would fall into emptiness;without negative elements, affirmative dialectics would inevitably become blind.

关 键 词：普殊同 阿多诺 辩证法 唯物主义 

分 类 号：B516.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]