加强洪涝灾害风险管理的途径研究  

Approaches to Strengthening Flood Risk Management

作　　者：曹建廷 赵钟楠 邢子强 Cao Jianting;Zhao Zhongnan;Xing Ziqiang(General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design,Ministry of Water Resources,Beijing 100120,China)

机构地区：[1]水利部水利水电规划设计总院,北京100120

出　　处：《中国工程科学》2024年第6期120-130,共11页Strategic Study of CAE

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC32067005-03,2017YFC0404506)。

摘　　要：洪涝灾害是最严重的自然灾害之一,我国洪涝灾害防治策略已从减少灾害损失向减轻灾害风险转变。研究洪涝灾害风险的驱动要素和管理途径将为制定与落实国家洪涝灾害防治策略提供技术支撑,对采取多样化措施提升洪涝灾害风险管理水平和降低洪涝灾害损失具有重要意义。结合国内外洪涝灾害风险管理研究进展,本文梳理了洪涝灾害风险的主要组成要素,研究了降低洪涝灾害风险的主要途径,分析了洪涝灾害风险管理有效实施的环境条件。研究提出了洪涝灾害风险不仅取决于危险性洪水,还取决于经济社会对洪水威胁的暴露度和脆弱性;揭示了洪涝灾害风险不可能完全消除,可通过常态预防-应急准备-应急响应-灾后重建各环节的一系列措施对风险组成要素进行科学调控,实现洪水灾害风险达到可接受的水平;提出了完善洪涝灾害风险管理规划,加强国土空间洪涝灾害风险管控,完善防洪工程体系,提高应对洪水的应急响应和恢复能力等洪涝灾害风险管理的主要途径;通过完善政策法规、有效协调机制、全社会参与等环境条件可保障洪涝灾害风险管理有效实施。研究建议:加强洪涝灾害风险评价,确定可接受的洪涝灾害风险水平,完善防洪标准体系;结合实地条件,采取多样化的方案降低洪涝灾害风险;提高全社会洪涝灾害风险意识,促进全社会参与到洪涝灾害风险防控过程等。Flood is one of the most serious natural disasters,and China’s flood control policies have transitioned from reducing disaster losses to mitigating disaster risks.Research on the driving factors and management approaches of flood risks will provide technical support for formulating and implementing flood control strategies,with great significance for adopting diversified measures to improve flood risk management and reduce flood losses.Based on the research progresses relating flood risk management in China and abroad,this study elucidates the major components or driving factors of flood risks,explores the major approaches to reducing flood risks,and analyzes the environment for effectively implementing flood risk management.The results indicate:(1)Flood risks depend not only on the hazardous flood,but also on the exposure and vulnerability of the economy and society threatened by flood;(2)the risk of flood disasters cannot be completely eliminated,but can be regulated to an acceptable level by implementing a series of measures at different stages of prevention,preparedness,emergency response,and post disaster reconstruction;(3)approaches for flood risk management include improving the planning of flood risk management,strengthening spatial plan and management with inclusion of flood risk information,improving the flood control structure system,and enhancing flood emergency preparedness,response,and recovery capabilities;and(4)improving policies and regulations,effective coordination mechanisms,and promoting participation of the whole social can enable the effective implementation of flood risk management.The following suggestions are further proposed:(1)strengthening flood risk assessment,determining the acceptable flood disaster risks,and improving the flood control standards system;(2)diversifying approaches and measures tailored to different conditions to reduce flood risks;and(3)enhancing the whole society’s awareness of flood risks and promoting their participation in flood risk management.

关 键 词：洪涝灾害 风险管理 空间规划 防洪工程体系 应急管理 

分 类 号：TV87[水利工程—水利水电工程] X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治]