试析科举考试的题型结构及其功能  

An Analysis of the Question Formats and Their Functions in the Imperial Examinations

作　　者：田建荣[1] TIAN Jianrong(Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710062,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学,西安710062

出　　处：《中国考试》2025年第1期93-103,共11页journal of China Examinations

基　　金：2024年度陕西省社会科学基金项目“新中国教育考试命题史研究”(2024P014)。

摘　　要：历史上随着科举考试科目和场次的不断变化,考试题型也在不断发展和改进。从题型总体结构来看,以主观题型为主。曾经使用和经常出现过的科举考试题型包括:帖经;墨义、口义、经义、经问、经疑;诗赋、词赋、试帖诗、律赋;杂文、诏、诰、箴、表、赞、判;四书文、五经文、八股文;策、论、对策、策问、时务策等。另外,武举、童子举等也各有题型。不同的题型显示不同的人才考选作用,进而发挥不同的功能。科举考试借助确立衡文标准,力图把知识和能力的测评相结合,共同为科学选才和巩固儒学本位的命题立意服务。As the subjects and sessions of the imperial examinations evolved,so did the types of questions.The overall structure of the questions was predominantly subjective.Frequently used question types in the imperial examinations included reciting scriptures(tie jing);ink meaning,oral meaning,classic meaning,classic questions,and classic doubts(mo yi,kou yi,jing yi,jing wen,jing yi);poetic proses,lyrical proses,trial poetic prose,regulated prose(shi fu,ci fu,shi tie shi,lv fu);miscellaneous writings,edicts,decrees,admonitions,memorials,praises,judgments(za wen,zhao,gao,zhen,biao,zan,pan);essays on the Four Books,essays on the Five Classics,eight-legged essays(si shu wen,wu jing wen,ba gu wen);strategies,discussions,counter-strategies,strategic questions,current affairs strategies(ce,lun,dui ce,ce wen,shi wu ce),etc.Additionally,military examinations(wu ju)and child prodigy examinations(tong zi ju)each featured their own question types.Each question type served distinct purposes in selecting talents and fulfilling specific functions within the examination framework.By establishing clear standards for evaluating literature,the exams aimed to combine assessments of knowledge and abilities,thereby promoting the imperial examination's goal of scientifically selecting talented individuals while reinforcing Confucian principles.

关 键 词：科举考试命题 题型结构 试题功能 衡文标准 考试史 

分 类 号：G405[文化科学—教育学原理]