以义建国——反思儒家政治思想中的政治根源与国家基础  

Building the State with Yi—Reflecting on the Political Foundations and National Basis in Confucian Political Thought

作　　者：李若晖 LI Ruohui(School of Chinese Classics,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院,北京100872

出　　处：《杭州师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期18-24,共7页Journal of Hangzhou Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：夏商周都是同时并存的诸邦国之一。殷商以神权政治统御诸邦。纣王所谓“我生不有命在天”。小邦周取代大邑商之后,醒悟天命靡常,推崇为政以德。德礼相辅相成,共同构成君子修养。孔子将“德”具化为“仁”。孟子则一方面以“仁”建国,一方面将“义”升至与“仁”并列。早期的“忠”德为一般性的尽心尽力。战国时期,随着中央集权的加强,“忠”转变为“危身奉上”。在汉代,“忠义”开始连用,忠对上,义对下,成为国家与基层组织社会联接之途。唐宋变革中,国家与社会日益脱节,于是在政治(群)方面,“忠义”实质上取代了“仁义”,实现对于国家的整合。《忠义水浒传》则揭示出忠义难两全。《三国演义》有两条主线,一是刘、关、张桃园结义,一是曹操篡汉。两条线交织而行:桃园结义是为了匡扶汉室。但是《三国演义》的伟大之处就在于,让两条线最终发生对立:当关羽被杀和曹丕篡汉同时发生,刘备毅然选择了为关羽复仇,刘、关、张一起为义而亡。这就意味着在忠义不能两全之时,选择了义高于忠,小共同体高于大共同体。正是在此基础上,王阳明由得君行道转为觉民行道。金庸最深刻的小说是《鹿鼎记》。康熙居于君位,但五伦皆伪。赖韦小宝以义匡扶,才重获真实的五伦,并重建家国,开创盛世。于是中国历史,经历了殷商以命建国,姬周以德建国,孟子以仁建国,终于金庸以义建国。The Xia,Shang,and Zhou were among the many coexisting states of their time.The Shang Dynasty ruled the states with a theocracy.King Zhou said,“Was not my birth in accordance with the appointment of Heaven”.After the small state of Zhou replaced the large state of Shang,it realized that the Mandate of Heaven was not constant and thus advocated governing through virtue.Virtue(德)and rites(礼)complemented each other,together forming the cultivation of the junzi(gentleman).Confucius concretized“virtue”into“benevolence”(仁).Mencius,on the other hand,both founded nations on“benevolence”and elevated“righteousness”(义)to a status equal to benevolence.Early notions of“loyalty”(忠)were broadly understood as doing one's utmost.During the Warring States period,with the strengthening of centralized authority,loyalty shifted to mean“sacrificing oneself for one's superior”.By the Han Dynasty,“loyalty and righteousness”(忠义)became a paired concept,with loyalty directed upwards(to the ruler)and righteousness directed downwards(to the people),forming a connection between the state and grassroots society.During the Tang-Song transformation,as the state and society became increasingly disconnected,loyalty and righteousness,in practice,replaced benevolence and righteousness as a means of integrating the nation.In Water Margin(水浒传),the conflict between loyalty and righteousness is highlighted,revealing their incompatibility.In Romance of the Three Kingdoms(三国演义),there are two main threads:the Peach Garden Oath of Liu Bei,Guan Yu and Zhang Fei,and Cao Cao's usurpation of the Han Dynasty.These two threads intertwine—the Peach Garden Oath aims to restore the Han Dynasty.However,the brilliance of Romance of the Three Kingdoms lies in how these threads ultimately clash:when Guan Yu is killed and Cao Pi usurps the Han throne,Liu Bei resolutely chooses to avenge Guan Yu.In the end,Liu Bei,Guan Yu and Zhang Fei all perish for righteousness.This signifies that when loyalty and righteousne

关 键 词：命 德 仁 忠 义 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]