清代旗人孀妇养赡制度研究  

The Research on the System of Supporting the Banner Widows in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：崔李酉子 CUI Liyouzi(School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第1期47-57,共11页Journal Of Jilin Normal University:Humanities & Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(21BZS075)。

摘　　要：清顺治初年,统治者为提倡旗人孀妇守节,借鉴了明代优养军官武职孀妇之制,建立了以发放银米为主要举措的旗人孀妇养赡制度。与明代相比,清代旗人孀妇养赡的范围有所扩大,养赡的方式也更为多样,这些都得益于清廷恩养旗人的根本原则,以及对旗人特有的各种制度资源的调配。该制度改善了旗人孀妇的处境,促使贞节内化为孀妇自身的道德观念,免除了八旗官兵作战的后顾之忧,进而巩固了清王朝的统治根基。但旗人孀妇养赡制度也有其局限性,孀妇物质生活的宽裕易引起族人的觊觎导致经济纠纷,领取方式、饷册与裁汰机制方面的漏洞致使冒支冒领钱粮现象频发,造成了资源的严重浪费,这是八旗生计问题难以得到根本解决的重要原因。In the early years of the Shunzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty,in order to promote the chastity of the Banner widows,the sovereign drew inspiration from the supporting system of military widows in the Ming Dynasty,established a system of supporting the Banner widows,which mainly by distributing money and cereals.Compared with the Ming Dynasty,the scope of the widows who received support in the Qing Dy⁃nasty was greatly expanded,and the ways of support were also more diverse.These were all due to the fun⁃damental principle of the Qing court’s benevolence towards the Banner people,as well as the allocation of various institutional resources unique to the Banner people.This system improved the situation of the Ban⁃ner widows,promoted the chastity become a moral concept for widows themselves,and also freed the Ban⁃ner soldiers from worries during wars,all of which were consolidated the dominion of the Qing Dynasty.However,the system also had its limitations.The affluent material life of widows attracted the covetousness of their clan members,leading to economic disputes easily.The loopholes in the receiving methods,relevant file management,and eliminating conditions had led to frequent occurrences of false claiming,resulting in serious waste of resources.This is an important reason why the livelihood problems of the Banners were dif⁃ficult to solve fundamentally.

关 键 词：旗人孀妇 守节 养赡 恩养政策 八旗生计 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]