古今之变视野中的孟德斯鸠——施特劳斯和潘戈对孟德斯鸠思想的解读  

Montesquieu in the Perspective of the Transformations from the Antiquity to the Modernity:Strauss and Pangle's Interpretations of Montesquieu's Thought

作　　者：崇明 Chong Ming

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《哲学门》2023年第1期1-27,共27页Beida Journal of Philosophy

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“孟德斯鸠启蒙思想中的自然、历史与政体研究”(项目号20BSS045)的中期成果

摘　　要：施特劳斯和潘戈在古今之变的视野中,结合神学政治问题,把孟德斯鸠界定为反古典自然、反基督教,提倡自由、商业、启蒙的自由主义思想家。施特劳斯和潘戈均认为孟德斯鸠抛弃了古典自然法的目的论,把自然法理解为个体与社会的自我保存。然而孟德斯鸠区分了自然状态和社会状态中的自然法;自然状态中的自然法缺少理性和目的内涵,这并不意味着孟德斯鸠的自然法和自然概念就完全没有理性和目的的内涵。施特劳斯认为孟德斯鸠仅仅把德性理解为激情,潘戈则认为孟德斯鸠把德性理解为自我保存的手段而忽视了道德和心智德性。孟德斯鸠事实上立足于古典政治哲学的洞察,即道德和心智德性往往并不能挽救城邦,并因此致力于把维护个体的自然情感和利益作为政治的目的。在施特劳斯和潘戈看来,孟德斯鸠指控基督教为专制并试图予以攻击乃至摧毁之,但孟德斯鸠关于攻击宗教的讨论仅仅是针对当时法国对胡格诺教徒的迫害。孟德斯鸠在批判基督教的同时致力于维护其道德和社会意义。施特劳斯和潘戈均断言孟德斯鸠是鼓吹商业和平论和历史进步论的自由主义共和派。孟德斯鸠提倡商业和平论的目的是批驳重商主义视商业和战争同为对外扩张手段的观点,并指出了现代社会发展和英格兰宪政的脆弱。Leo Strauss and Thomas Pangle,in their perception of the transformation from the Antiquity to the Modernity associated with their theologico-political vision,defined Montesquieu as a modern liberal thinker who is against the classical idea of nature,anti-Christian and advocates liberty,commerce,and enlightenment.Both Strauss and Pangle argued that Montesquieu abandoned the tel-eology of classical natural law and understood natural law as the self-preservation of individuals and societies.Yet Montesquieu distinguished between natural law in the state of nature and that in society.The lack of reason and purpose in the natural laws of the state of nature does not mean that Montesquieu's idea of nature and natural law is completely devoid of rational and purposeful meanings.Strauss believed that Montesquieu understood virtue only as passion,while Pangle believed that Montesquieu considered virtue as a means of self-preservation and neglected moral and intellectual virtue.Montesquieu in fact followed the insight of classical political philosophy that moral and intellectual virtue often did not save the city,and was therefore committed to preserving the natural sentiments and interests of the individual as the end of politics.In Strauss and Pangle's view,Montesquieu accused Christianity of despotism and tried to attack or even destroy it.However,Montesquieu's discussion of attacking religion was about the persecution of Huguenots in France at his time.Montesquieu criticized Christianity while defending its moral and social significance.Both Strauss and Pangle asserted that Montesquieu was a liberal republican advocating commercial peace and historical progress.Montesquieu's goal in advocating commercial peace was to refute the mercantilist view of commerce and war as means of imperial expansion.He also pointed out the fragility of modern social development and England's constitutionalism.

关 键 词：列奥·施特劳斯 托马斯·潘戈 孟德斯鸠 自然 德性 基督教 商业 

分 类 号：D0[政治法律—政治学] D091D909.1