袁了凡的立命之学及其现代意义  

Yuan Liaofan's Thought of“Grasping the Fate in One's Hand”and Its Modern Meaning

作　　者：高海波[1] Gao Haibo

机构地区：[1]清华大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学门》2022年第1期258-272,共15页Beida Journal of Philosophy

摘　　要：“命”是中国思想中的一个重要内容,它主要是指一些不受个人控制的客观限制,如寿夭、贫富、穷通、祸福等。这种思想的极端表现就是宿命论,即命由天定,不由人力。但在中国古代,很少人相信这种极端的命定论。中国古代存在源远流长的报应思想就体现了这一点。报应的思想包含德福一致的理论预期,但这一理论往往面临经验的挑战。佛教传入中国之后,三世轮回生命观的融入,某种程度上缓解了报应思想中经验与理想的紧张。不过,注重现世生活的中国人并不满意于来生的报应,希望将这种报应移植到当世。从宋代以来发展出来的劝善思想和功过格的实践,某种程度上满足了下层民众的这种心理和伦理需求。在这种背景下,催生出了晚明袁了凡的“立命”之学。袁了凡在《了凡四训》中融合了佛教、道教、儒学的思想理论和实践方法,通过自己的现身说法,发展出一套通过积德行善而改变自身命运的理论和实践方法,在中晚明之后的民间社会产生了广泛的影响。他的劝善思想对现代民间社会的伦理道德建设仍有一定的借鉴意义,其中包含的世俗伦理或可转化为中国现代商业伦理的一部分,为中国伦理道德和经济的现代化提供某种精神资源。“Fate”is one import content in Chinese thought which implies some objective limitation that people can not control by themselves such as long life or short life,richness or poorness,difficulty or success in life,misfortune or fortune and so on.The extremity of this kind of thought is the fatalism,i.e.people's fate are determined by the Heaven and not themselves.However,in ancient China,very few people believe this sort of fatalism.We can find about this in the long history about the thought of retribution in ancient China.The thought of retribution includes the anticipation of the correspondence between morality and happiness,which however faces some challenges in daily life.With the entering of the Buddhism into China,the idea of metempsychosis in Buddhism in some extent relieves the tension between the ideal and the reality in the thought of retribution in China.However,most Chinese focus much on the life in this world and are not satisfied with the retribution in after life.They hope they can obtain the fortune in this life.The thought of advocating charity and the practices of the Spiritual Account Books from Song Dynasty in some extent satisfy the psychological and ethical needs of the mass in lower classes.In this circumstance,it devel ops Yuan Liaofan's thought of“grasping the fate in one's hand”.In Yuan Liaofan's Four Teachings,he combined the theories and practices of Buddhism,Taoism as well as Confucianism into one system,and by the his life experience develops a whole set of theory and practices to change one's fate through accumulating the virtue and doing the good,which imposes great influences on the folk society in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.Yuan Liaofan's thought and practice of advocating charity still has some important meanings for moral and ethical construction in today's folk society and the secular ethics it included can converge into the modern commercial ethics,which can supply the spiritual sources for china's moral and ethical as well as the economic modernization.

关 键 词：命 报应 功过格 袁了凡 立命 

分 类 号：B248.99[哲学宗教—中国哲学]