重大自然灾害中次生核化生危害风险分析与消防救援队伍能力建设思考  

Risk Analysis of Secondary Nuclear,Chemical and Biological Hazards in Major Natural Disasters and Reflection on Capacity Building of Fire Rescue Teams

作　　者：傅杰 周亮 孙加强 FU Jie;ZHOU Liang;SUN Jiaqiang

机构地区：[1]北京消防救援总队

出　　处：《中国应急救援》2025年第1期24-28,共5页China Emergency Rescue

摘　　要：随着科技发展和经济建设的不断深化,核与辐射、化学、生物等科技领域与生产生活不断紧密融合,发挥着越来越重要的作用。然而,随之而来的核化生安全风险和挑战也不断增多,特别是在受到地震、台风、洪水等不可抗力影响的情况下,核化生危险源可能会意外失控而造成更为严重的危害,给人们生产生活带来更大的破坏和影响。从落实国家总体安全观战略角度来审视,必须高度重视预防和应对非传统风险引发的灾害性后果,特别是不断强化以综合性消防救援队伍为主力的“全灾种、大应急”救援力量体系建设,为处置各类灾害事故提供有力支持。本文深入分析重大自然灾害中存在的次生核化生危害风险,就如何强化次生核化生危害的处置能力,在体系建设、装备水平、专业培训和实战演训四个方面展开论述,为消防核化生专业力量建设提供参考和借鉴。With the continuous development of technology and economic construction,the fields of nuclear and radiation,chemistry,biology and other technologies are closely integrated with production and life,playing an increasingly important role.However,the accompanying risks and challenges of nuclear,chemical,and biological safety have also increased,especially in the event of force majeure such as earthquakes,typhoons,and floods,etc..Nuclear,chemical,and biological hazards may unexpectedly lose control and cause more serious harm,and bring greater damage and impact to people’s production and life.From the perspective of implementing the overall national security strategy,it is necessary to attach great importance to preventing and responding to the catastrophic consequences caused by non-traditional risks,especially by continuously strengthening the construction of a“all-type disasters,comprehensive emergencies”rescue force system with comprehensive fire rescue teams as the main force,and provide strong support for handling various types of disasters and accidents.This article analyzes the risks of secondary nuclear and chemical hazards in major natural disasters,and discusses how to strengthen the disposal capacity of secondary nuclear and chemical hazards in four aspects:system construction,equipment level,professional training,and practical exercises,and provides references and inspirations for the construction of professional firefighting nuclear,chemical and biological resources.

关 键 词：自然灾害 次生灾害 应急救援 能力 

分 类 号：X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治] D631.6[政治法律—政治学] D63[政治法律—中外政治制度]