海水淡化环境影响及其卤水资源化LCA评价  

LCA assessment of desalination on environmetal impact and brine resourcing

作　　者：郝晓地[1] 朱昊睿 王向阳 朱洋墨 HAO Xiaodi;ZHU Haorui;WANG Xiangyang;ZHU Yangmo(Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies,Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment(Ministryof Education),Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Beijing 100044)

机构地区：[1]北京建筑大学城市雨水系统与水环境省部共建教育部重点实验室,中-荷污水处理技术研发中心,北京100044

出　　处：《环境科学学报》2025年第1期500-516,共17页Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.52170018)。

摘　　要：海水淡化作为沿海、乃至近海一种有效供水解决方案正在全球范围内得到广泛应用.我国海岸线很长,但经济发达的沿海地区淡水水资源并非富足有余.因此,国家水资源发展战略已将海水淡化提上议事日程.然而,不同海水淡化工艺对环境产生的生态影响需要定量获知,以助今后选择适宜的淡化技术.为此,选取反渗透、电渗析两种膜法工艺和多级闪蒸、多效蒸馏和膜蒸馏3种热法工艺,对海水淡化进行全生命周期(LCA)评价,并选用最具全球代表性的ReCiPe 2016方法来分析和比较不同海水淡化工艺产生的环境影响.结果显示,膜法工艺环境影响相对较小,影响主要来自化石能源发电;热法工艺因产热设备体积庞大导致环境影响较大.对光伏与风能驱动膜法工艺的评价显示,风电供能可使膜法各环境影响因子降低47%~55%,特别是全球变暖潜能值降低可达90%以上.卤水资源化不仅可有效减少卤水直接排海产生的海洋生态影响,亦可将卤水作为矿物质而加以回收.高值矿物回收案例在最后给予评价,显示出明显的环境效益.Desalination is being widely adopted worldwide as an effective water supply solution for coastal and offshore areas.China has a very long coastline,but coastal regions commonly face the challenge of balancing economic development and scarce freshwater resources.For the reason,developing desalination has been included in the China's development strategy on water resources.However,it is essential to quantitively understand the ecological impacts of different desalination processes on correct choices in the future.For this reason,a life cycle assessment(LCA) method was used to assess two membrane desalination processes:reverse osmosis and electrodialysis,and three thermal desalination processes:multi-stage flash distillation,multi-effect distillation and membrane distillation.The globally representative approach-ReCiPe 2016 was applied to analyze and compare the environmental impacts of these different desalination processes.The results reveal that the membrane processes are relatively lower in environmental impacts,primarily due to fossil energy consumption and that thermal processes are higher in environmental impacts because of big-sized heat production equipment.Further assessments on the membrane processes with photovoltaic and wind-driven powers indicate that wind energy could reduce the environmental impact factors on the membrane processes by 47% to 55%,particularly reducing the global warming potential(GWP) by up to 90%.Additionally,brine resourcing could effectively mitigate not only the marine ecological impact due to brine directly discharged into sea,but also could recover minerals from brine.The assessment on brine resourcing was finally conducted and significant environmental benefits could be achieved from recovering minerals.

关 键 词：海水淡化 全生命周期评价 膜法工艺 热法工艺 清洁能源 卤水资源化 

分 类 号：X24[环境科学与工程—环境科学]