官僚制度儒家化:关于官吏分途的一种解释  

The Confucianization of Bureaucracy:A New Approach to the Official-Staff Stratification

作　　者：陈伟 CHEN Wei

机构地区：[1]南京大学社会学院

出　　处：《社会学评论》2025年第1期53-75,共23页Sociological Review of China

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“儒家道德社会化路径研究”(16ZDA107)。

摘　　要：官吏分途是中国古代一项重要的人事管理制度,这一制度不仅影响官与吏在行政领域的分工,还影响二者在社会和道德领域的分层。社会学现有的功能论框架,并不足以解释官吏分途的独特性。本文从儒家“重道轻器”的基本观点出发,理解传统社会对吏的政治性、道德性排斥,解释官吏日趋分途的原因。然而,认同“君子不器”的士大夫在日常行政工作中又必须高度依赖掌握专业技能、熟悉地方情况的吏,这种话语与实践的分离反映了儒家思想与理性行政间的张力。基于此,本文提出“官僚制度儒家化”命题,强调儒家思想塑造了一套独特的官僚组织模式,在理念导向、行政原则、治理机制方面与理性官僚制形成关键差别。“官僚制度儒家化”为重新理解中国传统官僚制度提供了新的思路。The separation of officials and mandarins is an important personnel management system in ancient China.This system not only involves the division of labor between officials and mandarins in the administrative field but also affects the stratification of the two in the social and moral spheres.The existing functionalist sociology framework is insufficient to explain the uniqueness of the division of officials and mandarins.The study starts from the basic Confucian view that“emphasizes principles over tools(zhongqi qingdao)”and understands the political and moral exclusion of officials in traditional societies,explaining the increasing division between officials and mandarins.However,scholar-bureaucrats who be⁃lieved that“a gentleman is not an implement(junzi buqi)”in their administrative routine highly relied on officials with professional skills and local knowledge.Hence,such separation of discourse and practice reflects the tension between Confucian moral concepts and rational administration.Based on this,the article proposes the proposition of“the Confucianization of bureaucracy”,emphasizing that Confucianism shaped the moral characteristics of the traditional bureaucracy that were different from the rational bureaucracy and ultimately influenced the direction of traditional state governance.

关 键 词：官吏分途 官僚制度儒家化 重道轻器 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]