利益分析视角下卢梭公意理论的解析  

A Tentative Interpretation of Rousseau’s Theory of the General Will from the Perspective of Interests Analysis

作　　者：马金易 王浦劬[1,2] MA Jin-yi;WANG Pu-qu

机构地区：[1]北京大学国家治理研究院,北京100871 [2]北京大学政府管理学院,北京100871 [3]北京大学中国-东盟区域发展省部共建协同创新中心,北京100871

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2025年第1期137-147,237,238,共13页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：北京大学国家治理研究院项目(7101503069)。

摘　　要：以利益为切入点解析卢梭的公意理论,可以作为讨论“公意”问题的尝试。卢梭认为私人利益和公共利益之间存在重叠且在本质上具有一致性,二者之间的矛盾源于前者的排他性、主观性与后者的公共性、客观性之间的结构性张力。而解决这一矛盾的途径在于:把公意看作一种认知方式,即将个人认知与集体认同相统一,要求人们在独立思考公共事务时,兼顾对他人利益的道德关怀,当私人利益与公共利益难以抉择时,要优先考虑后者,甚至将公共利益视作个人最重要的核心利益。公意正是在私利和公益的统一中保障自由、平等以及权利正当性的实现。基于这一解析可见,卢梭的公意理论具有特定的进步性和认识启发性。与此同时,这一理论缺乏历史唯物主义基础,具有唯心主义局限性。因此,对公意理论的利益阐述,只有以马克思主义的唯物史观为基础,才能具有真正的客观属性和科学价值。The general will always centers on public interests,making it necessary to interpret Rousseau’s theory of the general will through the lens of interests analysis.Through this analysis,we can observe that there is an overlapping and inherently consistent part between individual and common interests.The conflicts between the two in practice arise from a structural tension between the exclusivity and subjectivity of the former and the public and objective nature of the latter.Resolving this tension requires a reinterpretation of Rousseau’s theory from a new perspective:the general will can be redefined as a mode of cognition that unifies individual autonomy with collective intention and identity.It encourages individuals to independently consider public affairs while maintaining moral regards for others’interests.When conflicts between personal and public interests arise,the latter should serve as the primary reference,positioning the common goods as the core interest of the individual.In this way,the general will secures the realization of freedom,equality,and the legitimacy of rights by harmonizing the private and common interests.

关 键 词：卢梭 公意 公共利益 私人利益 社会契约论 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]