拓跋鲜卑勋贵归葬制度的演变与北魏民族交融  

The Evolution of the Burial System for the Tuoba Xianbei Nobility and the Ethnic Integration in Northern Wei

作　　者：张鹤泉 Zhang Hequan(Research Institute of Ancient Books,Jilin University,Changchun 130015,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林大学古籍研究所,吉林长春130015

出　　处：《东方论坛—青岛大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期65-77,F0002,共14页Eastern Forum(JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY)

摘　　要：在墓志铭和历史文献中,多有拓跋鲜卑勋贵归葬的记载。北魏建国后,道武帝定都平城,并规划了京畿,由于在平城京畿内、外还有拓跋鲜卑人部落组织的残存,因此这对拓跋鲜卑勋贵的归葬产生很大影响。北魏前期,国家使一些鲜卑勋贵可以陪葬金陵,这种陪葬是优恤拓跋鲜卑贵勋的特殊归葬。而对大多数拓跋鲜卑勋贵而言,他们亡故后,一般都归葬于族人墓地,因而,代北地区成为他们主要的安葬地。孝文帝迁都洛阳后,改革了迁洛拓跋鲜卑勋贵的归葬规定,使这些勋贵都以洛阳为籍贯,并确定他们的归葬地与籍贯紧密结合。这些规定割断了拓跋鲜卑勋贵与代北族人墓地的联系,并促使他们效法汉族世家大族的归葬。孝文帝还将迁洛拓跋鲜卑勋贵的归葬划分等次,分别陪葬长陵、景陵及归葬家族墓地。拓跋鲜卑勋贵归葬出现的等次区分及确定归葬地观念的改变,遂成为促进拓跋鲜卑勋贵向汉族世族大族演变的重要环节,并推动了北魏民族交融。The burial practices of the Tuoba Xianbei nobility are frequently recorded in epitaphs and historical documents.After the establishment of the Northern Wei dynasty,Emperor Daowu moved the capital to Pingcheng and planned the capital region.The existence of Tuoba Xianbei tribal organizations both inside and outside Pingcheng significantly influenced the burial practices of the Tuoba Xianbei nobility.In the early years of Northern Wei,the government allowed some Xianbei nobles to be buried alongside their kin in Jinling,a special honor reflecting their noble status.However,for most Tuoba Xianbei nobles,they were generally buried in family cemeteries,with the Daibei region becoming their primary burial site.After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang,he reformed the burial regulations for those moving to Luoyang,establishing a close connection between their burial sites and their registered domicile in Luoyang.These regulations severed the ties between Tuoba Xianbei nobles and the family cemeteries in Dai Bei and encouraged them to emulate Han Chinese aristocratic burial customs.Emperor Xiaowen further categorized the burials of those moving to Luoyang,assigning them to be buried at Changling,Jingling or family cemeteries.The differentiation in burial ranks and the shift in burial site concepts for Tuoba Xianbei nobles became crucial in promoting their evolution towards Han aristocratic families and facilitated ethnic integration within Northern Wei to some extent.

关 键 词：墓志 北魏 拓跋鲜卑 勋贵 归葬 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]