牙璋为戊说  

Yazhang and the Stylized Origin of the Character Wu

作　　者：陈小三[1] Chen Xiaosan

机构地区：[1]山西大学考古文博学院,太原030006

出　　处：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2024年第12期101-110,共10页Journal of National Museum of China

摘　　要：牙璋兴起于大汶口文化晚期到龙山文化早期的山东地区,之后向西传播,约当公元前2000年前后,在陕西神木石峁遗址,河南巩义花地嘴、偃师二里头遗址都有发现;进入商代之后,牙璋在中原地区趋于消失,而在西南地区的广汉三星堆、成都金沙遗址都有继续发展,而且这一时期牙璋的分布范围到达珠江流域以及越南北部地区。纵观牙璋发展的历史,大约从公元前2400年发展至公元前900年,前后延续发展长达1500年左右,是先秦时期流布范围最广、延续时间最长的一类器物。本文认为牙璋是“戊”字的造型来源,在甲骨文和金文中,曾经作为风字的声符。从牙璋在中原地区的流行时间,结合《史记·夏本纪》及《尚书·皋陶谟》中的干支记日的情况看,文字的出现应该就在夏代。The yazhang(ceremonial plaque)originated in the late Dawenkou culture to early Longshan culture in the Shandong region and later spread westward.Around 2000 BC,it was discovered at the Shimao site in Shenmu,Shaanxi;as well as at the Huadizui and Erlitou sites in Gongyi,Henan.After the yazhang entering the Shang dynasty,it tended to disappear in the Central Plains.However,in the southwest,sites such as Sanxingdui in Guanghan and the Jinsha site in Chengdu continued to produce and develop yazhang.During this period,the distribution of yazhang extended to the Pearl River basin and northern Vietnam.Tracing the history of the yazhang,it developed from around 2400 BC to 900 BC,enduring for approximately 1500 years.It is one of the most widely distributed and long-lasting types of artifacts from the pre-Qin period.This article argues that the yazhang inspired the shape of the Chinese character wu(戊),which was later used as a phonetic symbol for the character feng(风)in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions.The widespread use of yazhang in the Central Plains,combined with evidence from Records of the Grand Historian(Shiji)and Book of Documents(Shangshu)regard-ing the Ganzhi calendrical system,suggests that the emergence of writing may have occurred during the Xia dynasty.

关 键 词：牙璋 戊 夏代文字 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]