tRNA衍生小分子在衰老相关疾病中的作用与机制的研究进展  

Research progress of functions and mechanisms of tRNA-derived small RNA in aging-related diseases

作　　者：李汶霖 杨尧 王确 徐昆 闫明静 黄秀清[1] 窦琳[1] 唐蔚青[1] 黎健[1] 沈涛[1] Li Wenlin;Yang Yao;Wang Que;Xu Kun;Yan Mingjing;Huang Xiuqing;Dou Lin;Tang Weiqing;Li Jian;Shen Tao(The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics,Beijing Institute of Geriatrics,Institute of Geriatric Medicine,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission,Beijing 100730,China)

机构地区：[1]北京医院、国家老年医学中心、国家卫生健康委北京老年医学研究所、国家卫生健康委老年医学重点实验室、中国医学科学院老年医学研究院,北京100730

出　　处：《中华老年医学杂志》2025年第1期92-98,共7页Chinese Journal of Geriatrics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(81770228)。

摘　　要：转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)主要功能是通过其3'端接附特定种类的氨基酸,再依赖自身的反密码子识别mRNA上的密码子,将对应的氨基酸转运到核糖体完成蛋白翻译过程。tRNA分为前体tRNA和成熟tRNA,在Dicer酶、elaC核糖核酸酶Z 2(elaC ribonuclease Z2,ELAC2)、血管生成素(angiogenin,ANG,也被称为核糖核酸酶5)等核糖核酸酶(ribonuclease,RNase)的作用下,被降解为tRNA衍生的应激诱导RNA(tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA,tiRNA)和tRNA衍生片段(tRNA-derived fragment,tRF)。随着第3代RNA测序技术的发展和相关研究的深入,曾经被忽略的tiRNA和tRF逐渐得到重视,其在多种生理病理过程中的生物学功能也正在被挖掘。tRNA衍生小分子(tRNA-derived small RNA,tsRNA)具有类似微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)的功能,发挥调节基因表达、调控蛋白质翻译等生理过程,且在衰老相关疾病中具有诊断标志物和临床药物靶点的可能性。本文就tsRNA的分类、生物学功能及其在衰老相关疾病中的研究进展与临床潜力进行系统性综述。The primary role of transfer RNA(tRNA)is to connect a specific amino acid to its 3'end,use its anticodon to match the codon on messenger RNA(mRNA),and deliver the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis.tRNA exists in two forms:precursor tRNA and mature tRNA.When acted upon by enzymes like Dicer,elaC ribonuclease Z 2(ELAC2),angiopoietin(ANG),and other ribonucleases,tRNA is broken down into tRNA-derived stress-induced RNA(tiRNA)and tRNA-derived fragments(tRF).Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technology have led to increased interest in tiRNA and tRF,shedding light on their roles in various physiological and pathological processes.tRNA-derived small molecules(tsRNA)function similarly to microRNA(miRNA),influencing gene expression and protein synthesis.They show promise as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for age-related diseases.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of tsRNA classification,biological functions,research advancements,and clinical applications in age-related conditions.

关 键 词：衰老 转运RNA 神经退行性变性疾病 

分 类 号：R363[医药卫生—病理学]