档案所见光绪朝循化厅天花防疫与牛痘局运行  

Archival Insights into Operations of Smallpox Prevention and Vaccination Bureau in Xunhua During the Guangxu Era

作　　者：姚三刚 杜常顺[1] Yao Sangang;Du Changshun

机构地区：[1]青海师范大学历史学院,西宁810008

出　　处：《西藏研究》2024年第6期60-78,156,157,共21页Tibetan Studies

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金项目“历史时期甘青藏边地带的民间商贸与汉藏回蒙诸族经济生活依存关系研究”(项目编号:22XMZ056)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：晚清时期,西北地区天花肆虐,民不聊生。循化厅地处偏远,医疗条件落后,为扼制天花蔓延,地方政府积极吸收牛痘接种经验,宣传推动循化民间接种牛痘,并采取相应社会救济活动以扼制天花蔓延,有效推动了牛痘接种技术在循化地区的推广。根据循化厅未刊档案,光绪朝前中期,循化地区牛痘接种术的推广主要是由陕甘总督、甘肃善后总局、西宁府等政府部门自上而下进行推动;光绪朝后期则由循化厅地方士绅积极推动,地方政府积极协助设置牛痘局,至于痘师选聘、薪酬发放皆由循化地方筹措,痘师考核则由甘肃省牛痘总局进行考核。痘局具有因人而设、人走局消的特点。然随着清末社会的分崩离析,循化痘局经费无从支出,政府官员亦无可行性措施,痘局公益性质消失。由此可管窥以牛痘接种为代表的近代医学事业在清代甘肃多民族地区的曲折发展历程。During the late Qing dynasty,smallpox outbreaks devastated northwest China,including the remote Xunhua region.Local governments adapted vaccination techniques from other regions,promoting cowpox inoculation among the population and initiating social relief measures.Based on unpublished Xunhua archives,early vaccination efforts were driven by regional authorities,including the Shaanxi-Gansu Governor and Xining Prefecture.In the later Guangxu period,local gentry actively promoted vaccination,establishing bureaus managed by local funding,with oversight from provincial authorities for vaccinator recruitment and evaluation.However,by the late Qing collapse,funding shortages and administrative inefficacy led to the decline of such public health initiatives,illustrating the challenges faced in introducing modern medical practices in multi-ethnic frontier regions like Gansu.

关 键 词：循化厅 天花 防疫 牛痘局 档案 

分 类 号：R18[医药卫生—流行病学]