藏语康定日头话中的汉语借词特点分析  

An Analysis of Chinese Loanwords in Tartsedo Tibetan Dialect

作　　者：达珍拉姆 Dadrun Lhamo

机构地区：[1]南开大学文学院,天津300071

出　　处：《西藏研究》2024年第5期35-51,M0004,M0005,共19页Tibetan Studies

基　　金：四川省社科重点研究基地康巴文化研究中心2022年度项目“康定藏语日头话研究”(项目编号:KBYJ2022B014);国家社科基金重点项目“藏语诗歌节律及相关韵律音系问题研究”(项目编号:21AYY024)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：藏语康方言康定日头话中的汉语借词,数量庞大,涉及名词、动词和单位词等不同词汇类型。历时和共时因素影响其借入量。汉语借词的语义范围涉及社会生活的各个领域,其在不同门类中分布不均。单音节汉借动词可直接充当谓语的主动词,汉借多音节动词则需加“做”或“变”义等藏语动词成分。汉借单位词与汉藏不同语言的数词搭配时,韵律和句法方面具有不同表现。全借词是日头话汉语借词的主要借入方式;混合借词为次要借入方式,其所含结构类型较多。借词和固有词,以及借词之间形成并存并用局面。词义变化、构词成分省缩以及词性变化为日头话汉语借词的重要特征。同音字或同音语素借用形成的“深层对应”可为同源与借用相关话题提供多角度思辨的材料支持。除某些特殊历史时期借用的部分汉语借词被淘汰外,构词和词义等特征表现出汉语借词在日头话中具有较强适应力。The Tartsedo dialect of the Kham Tibetan language contains a significant number of Chinese loanwords,including various lexical types such as nouns,verbs,and classifiers. The semantic scope of Chinese loanwords spans all aspects of social life. Monosyllabic Chinese loan verbs can directly function as active predicates. When Chinese classifiers combine with numerals from Chinese or Tibetan,they exhibit distinct prosodic and syntactic characteristics. Full borrowing is the primary method of incorporating Chinese loanwords in the Tartsedo dialect,while mixed borrowing is secondary and encompasses a variety of structural types. Semantic shifts,morphological reductions,and part-of-speech changes are notable features of Chinese loanwords in the Tartsedo dialect. Apart from a subset of Chinese loanwords eliminated during specific historical periods,the structural and semantic characteristics of these words demonstrate a high degree of adaptability within the Tsatsedo dialect.

关 键 词：藏语康方言 日头话 汉语借词 特征 

分 类 号：H31[语言文字—英语]