理论传入与制度变迁:全面抗战初期国民政府军事委员会的两度改组  

Introduction of Western Military Theories and Institutional Change:Two Reshuffles of National Military Commission in Early Stage of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

作　　者：陈默 Chen Mo(School of History and Culture,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610065)

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院,四川成都610065

出　　处：《军事历史研究》2024年第3期52-65,共14页Military History Research

摘　　要：全面抗战爆发后数月间,国民政府军事委员会经历了两次改组,这与同时期西方新军事理论的传入密切相关。1932年军委会成立并在数年内逐渐成为国民政府军事统帅机构的主体,而此时德国顾问提出的“军令军政一元化”主张虽不乏支持者,但未能在军委会的组织形态中得到充分体现。西方“总体战”“总动员”理论传入中国后,引起军政界巨大反响,推动了1937年8月融党、政、军为一体的大本营的组建,即军委会的首度改组。但大本营因机构设置、权限划分、人事安排等问题而在实际运行中面临诸多困难,最终仅存在数月即告结束。1938年1月,国民政府继承了旧军委会和前大本营的合理部分,在制度上确立“军令军政一元化”原则,并贯彻“总体战”“总动员”的部分理论,推动了新军委会的成立,此为军委会二度改组。军委会两度改组的曲折反复,反映了西方新军事理论“中国化”过程中遭遇到因循传统和趋新求速的双重干扰。In the months after the outbreak of the all⁃out War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the Military Committee of the National Government underwent two reshuffles,which were closely related to the introduction of new Western military theories at the time.The Military Commission was established in 1932 and gradually it became the primary military command institution of the National Government within a few years.At that time,proposal for“military command and administration integration”advocated by the German advisors had quite a number of supporters but was not fully reflected in the structure of the Military Commission.After the introduction of the Western concepts of“total war”and“total mobilization”into China,they caused a great reaction in the military and political circles,leading to the establishment of the integrated Party,Government,and Military Headquarters in August 1937.That was the first reshuffle of the Military Commission.However,due to challenges such as organizational setup,division of authority,and personnel arrangements,the Headquarters encountered many difficulties and existed for only a few months.In January 1938,the National Government retained the reasonable elements of the former military committee and the previous headquarters,institutionalized the principle of“military command and administration integration”,and partly implemented the theories of“total war”and“total mobilization”,leading to the second reshuffle of the Military Commission.The two reshuffles reflect the difficulties encountered in the process of adapting Western military theories to the Chinese context.

关 键 词：军事制度 军事理论 国民政府军事委员会 大本营 军令军政一元化 总体战 总动员 

分 类 号：K265.2[历史地理—历史学] E296.2[历史地理—中国史]