如何理解康德的万有在神论思想?  

How Should We Understand Kant’s Panentheism?

作　　者：马彪 MA Biao(School of Marxism,Nanjing Agricultural University)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《基督教文化学刊》2023年第2期211-231,共21页Journal for the Study of Christian Culture

摘　　要：宗教论题一直是康德哲学的兴趣所在,对它的反思几乎贯穿了其整个学术生涯:由前批判哲学时期的《一般自然史与天体理论》《形而上学认识各首要原则的新说明》《证明上帝存在唯一可能的证据》,到《纯粹理性批判》之“纯粹理性的法规”、《实践理性批判》之“辩证论”、《判断力批判》之“目的论判断力的方法论”,再到《纯然理性界限内的宗教》(以下简称《宗教》),以及《学科之争》等,无不涉及这一话题。It is widely recognized that Immanuel Kant grappled with three fundamental questions:religion,knowledge,and ethics,and he endeavored to find resolutions for them.However,when compared to the latter two,Kant’s inquiry into religion appears relatively underdeveloped.Some scholars have interpreted Kant as a deist,but this interpretation often overlooks the comprehensive structure of Kant’s theology,the evolution of his theism in his pre-critical philosophy,and his early critical philosophy.On the other hand,some have classified Kant as a panentheist,yet it would be an oversimplification to confine his position solely to moral panentheism.By examining elements such as human limitations,disciplinary competition,and the religious underpinnings of logic and time in Kant’s later critical philosophy,we can discern that Kant’s religious stance is not merely a static acceptance of truth derived from rational theology.Instead,it represents a dynamic interplay between revelation and reason.To some extent,a dialogical panentheism is a more fitting characterization of Kant’s philosophy of religion.

关 键 词：《判断力批判》 目的论判断力 纯粹理性 批判哲学 上帝存在 神论 辩证论 形而上学 

分 类 号：B921[哲学宗教—宗教学] B516.31