孟学与荀学统合新论——基于古典时期中国哲学治欲的视角  

On the Integration of the Doctrines of Mengzi and Xunzi: From the Perspective of the Therapy of Desire in Chinese Philosophy of the Classical Period

作　　者：张昭炜 Zhang Zhaowei(Institute of World Religions,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期27-40,共14页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：在古典时期的希腊化时代,希腊哲学的主题从自然转向人本身,治欲哲学蓬勃发展;同时期的中国哲学也有相似的主题,其中儒家哲学以孟学与荀学为代表,两者可追溯至《召诰》的敬德与节性,并可视作孔颜“克己复礼”之克的道德主体能动性与欲望约束性两种诠释进路的发展。孟学属于能动性的治欲方案,发挥道德主体的能动性,以此对抗欲望,其治欲方案尤其适用于君子,以此成就大体、天爵。荀学属于约束性的治欲方案,发挥礼的约束性,以此约束欲望,规则清晰,适用于群体性治欲。这两种进路在适用对象、功夫进路等方面可以互补、拼接,以此实现孟学与荀学的新统合。孟学的能动性治欲、荀学的约束性治欲与墨学的禁欲倾向、杨朱之学的纵欲倾向共同构成先秦诸子学治欲的四种主要类型。孟学与荀学在寡欲中出现分歧,在拒斥墨学的禁欲倾向、杨朱之学的纵欲倾向中形成合力,这有助于儒学在诸子学竞争中胜出,并影响到宋明理学。古典时期的中希哲学都有一种中道两种极端的治欲哲学形态,这有利于中希哲学的互通互鉴。In the Hellenistic era of the Classical Period,the theme of Greek philosophy moved from nature to human,while the therapeutic philosophy developed vigorously.At the same time,Chinese philosophy also had the similar theme,which was represented by the Doctrines of Mengzi(孟子)and Xunzi(荀子),both of which can be traced back to the tradition of“respecting virtue and restraining temperament(敬德节性)”recorded in Instructions by the Duke of Zhao(《召诰》)from Book of Documents(《尚书》).This can be considered as the development of the two different interpretations by way of moral subjective initiative and restraint of desire concerning how to achieve benevolence through restraining oneself in the discussion between Confucius and Yan Hui(颜回)about“restraining oneself and restoring propriety(克己复礼)”.The Doctrine of Mengzi was an initiative solution to the therapy of desire,emphasizing on exercising a person's moral subjective initiative,so as to fight against desire.And Mengzi's therapeutic solution was particularly suitable for noble men,enabling them to discern important principles and cultivate heavenly nobility.The Doctrine of Xunzi was a restraint solution to the therapy of desire,emphasizing on exercising the restraint of rituals,so as to restrain desire.As its rule was clear,it was suitable for group therapy of desire.These two approaches can complement each other and can be put together in terms of applicable objects and self-cultivation,thus realizing a new integration of the Doctrines of Mengzi and Xunzi.The initiative therapy of desire from the Doctrine of Mengzi,the restraint therapy of desire from the Doctrine of Xunzi,the abstinent tendency from the Doctrine of Mozi(墨子),and the indulgent tendency from the Doctrine of Yang Zhu(杨朱)jointly constituted the main four types of therapy of desire among the Pre-Qin philosophers.The Doctrine of Mengzi differed from the Doctrine of Xunzi in terms of restraint of desire.But they both formed a joint force in rejecting the absti

关 键 词：敬德节性 克己复礼 孟学与荀学统合 治疗欲望 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]