荀子思想中的道德动机——基于心与道关系的探析  

Moral Motivation in Xuntzu’s Thought——An Analysis Based on the Relationship between Mind and Tao

作　　者：叶晴 Ye Qing

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院,北京100084

出　　处：《管子学刊》2025年第1期34-49,共16页GuanZi Journal

摘　　要：荀子主张性恶,那么人如何有为善的道德动机成为一个困难且重要的问题。在对荀子道德动机的不同讨论中,隐含着对荀子思想中道德来源的不同理解:道德究竟是独立于人而实在的,还是人建构的结果?对这一问题的澄清,有助于理解荀子思想中道德动机的产生。荀子的道德主张应被视为一种道德实在论,道德并非为人所建构,而是具有独立于人的客观性和超越性。本于人之“天生”,人心蕴含了与道一贯的理性功能,因此符合道的现实道德秩序才可以基于心知的能力被建构出来,这就是“心能知道”的圣人制作礼义的过程。人对礼义的自愿遵守,基于自然欲望中有和道“意气相投”的要素,这是其能在遵循礼义的过程中转化自利欲望而有道德动机的前提。礼义的建构和人自身德性的培养,是人后天经过修养过程实现的对道的“人成”。虽然荀子不主张天道就是人道,但人道是人经过“伪”之后在人伦社会中对天道的延续和完成,这是一种“天生人成”的道德秩序建构。Xuntzu advocates that human nature is inherently evil,which makes the question of“how people can have moral motivation to do good”a difficult yet important issue.There are different understandings about this moral motivation:Is“morality”independent of man and real,or the result of human’s construction?Answering this question helps us understand the emergence of moral motivation in Xuntzu’s thought.Xuntzu’s moral claims should be seen as a form of moral realism,where morality is not constructed by humans but possesses an objectivity and transcendence independent of human beings.Due to the nature of humans,the human mind contains the consistent rational function of Tao,so the moral order in line with Tao can be constructed based on the cognitive mind.This is the process of making rites and righteousness by the sage.People’s observance of rites is based on the elements of natural desire that are congenial to Tao,so they can transform their selfish desires and have moral motivation while following rites.The construction of rites and the cultivation of one’s virtue are the“human’s completing”of Tao,and the moral order in human society is the continuation and completion of the Tao after human’s“artifice”,which is a construction following a“naturally given and human-made”moral order.

关 键 词：荀子 道德动机 心 道 欲 

分 类 号：B222.6[哲学宗教—中国哲学]