先秦“五行”说的两种类型及其发展轨迹  

Two Types of“Theory of Five Elements”in Pre-Qin Period and Their Development

作　　者：张涅 Zhang Nie

机构地区：[1]浙江科技大学人文学院,浙江杭州310023

出　　处：《管子学刊》2025年第2期21-33,共13页GuanZi Journal

摘　　要：“五行”说是基于“金木水火土”五个“类”的系统性经验认识。其最早源于方位认识:即“中”与“四方”结合,构成“五方”,为最早的“五行”认识。“行”的甲骨文“■”,金文“■”,是一个图示文字,就有指示“中”与“四方”关系的意义。在这种“五行”中,“中”是政治中心所在,占据核心地位,由此发展而形成的是有中心的思想系统。随后,“五材”的认识对“五行”说作了发展,形成无中心的“五行”说,包括相和、相变和相生相克三种关系。故而先秦“五行”说是由有中心发展出了无中心,这两种类型都是中华民族的基本思想形式。约在战国中晚期以后,“五星”认识的出现,又使“五行”说由地舆世界扩展至整个宇宙世界,并与“阴阳”结合形成“阴阳五行”说。由此,其既为一般性的思想模式,也成为一种文化信仰。The“Theory of Five Elements”is a systematic empirical understanding based on the five“categories”,namely“metal,wood,water,fire,and earth”.Its earliest origin lies in the understanding of directions:the combination of“the center”and“the four directions”forms“the five directions”,which is the earliest understanding of the“Five Elements”.The pictorial features of the oracle bone inscription and the bronze inscription of the character“行”both indicated the relationship between“the center”and“the four directions”.In this theory,“the center”is where the political center is located and occupies a core position,and thus an ideological system with a core was developed.Later,this theory was developed by the philosophy of“five Materials”and formed the type of“Theory of Five Elements”without a core,which embodies three relationships:harmony,transformation,and mutual generation and restriction.Therefore,the“Theory of Five Elements”in the Pre-Qin period developed from a type with a core to the other without a core,and both are the basic ideological forms of the Chinese nation.Around the middle and late Warring States period,the emergence of the understanding of“the five planets”enabled the“Theory of Five Elements”to expand from the terrestrial world to the entire cosmic world,and combined with“Yin and Yang”to form the“Yin-Yang Five Elements”theory and become both a general ideological pattern and a cultural belief.

关 键 词：五行 类 经验性 无中心系统 有中心系统 

分 类 号：B22[哲学宗教—中国哲学]