官者何也:汉唐间官制认识转变试析  

So-called Officials:An Analysis of the Change in the Understanding of the Official System between the Han and Tang Dynasties

作　　者：孙正军[1] Sun Zhengjun

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系,北京100084

出　　处：《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期61-85,261,262,共27页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：清华大学基础文科发展项目资助。

摘　　要：中国古代官制叙述大致存在长官为纲与官署为纲两种模式,前者以官署长官起首描述,后者以官署自身提领记载。汉唐时期,官制叙述模式从长官为纲转向官署为纲,结合时人论述、行政文书中发收双方标记形式、官箴书构成等可知,这一转向折射出汉唐时期官制认识相应地发生从长官至上到官署优先的转变。汉唐官制认识的这一转变经历了迟缓漫长的过程,行政文书发收双方标记形式向官署倾斜及九卿称谓渐带“卿”名,表明转变在晋代已初见端倪,及至南北朝,官署优先意识渐居上风,开始影响官制叙述,最终在唐代确立官署优先意识,推动官制叙述转向官署为纲模式。从长官至上到官署优先,表明中国古代士人的官制认识至迟在唐代已显现一定的现代官僚制色彩。There were generally two narrating patterns of the official system in ancient China: the chief official as the outline(长官为纲) and the government department as the outline(官署为纲), with the former starting by the chief official and the latter starting by the official office itself. During the Han and Tang period, the narrating pattern of the official system shifted from the “chief mode” to the “department mode”, which could be observed by combining the discourse of people, the marking manner of the sender and receiver in the administrative documents, as well as the composition of official admonitions(官箴书) reflecting the corresponding change from emphasizing the chief official to highlighting the government department in the official system. The marking manner of administrative documents and the emergence of “Qing”(卿) in the Jiuqing(九卿) appellation indicated that this slow and long transformation had begun since the Jin Dynasty. The priority consciousness of government departments gradually prevailed and began to affect the narrative of the official system during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The concept was eventually established in the Tang Dynasty, not only promoting the narrative pattern to transform to the “department mode”, but also indicating that the understanding of the official system by ancient Chinese scholars has shown a certain color of modern bureaucracy in the Tang Dynasty at the latest.

关 键 词：汉唐 官制叙述 官制认识 长官 官署 

分 类 号：D691.42[政治法律—政治学] K23[政治法律—中外政治制度]