黄淮水灾视野下明清里下河地区环境演变与特色农业发展  

Environmental Evolution and the Development of Characteristic Agriculture in the Lixiahe Region During the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the Perspective of Huang-Huai Floods

作　　者：卢勇 陈加晋 Lu Yong;Chen Jiajin

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院,江苏南京210095 [2]南京农业大学马克思主义学院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《史学月刊》2025年第2期17-34,共18页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明清以来长三角地区生态环境变迁与特色农业发展研究”(21&ZD225)。

摘　　要：在黄河夺淮的进程中,地处淮河下游的里下河地区是受灾最晚,灾情却是最为严重的区域之一。以统计和重建黄淮水灾时空序列为基础,发现明清里下河地区的黄淮水患演变呈现五个阶段。其中,明正德年间水患开始趋于常态化,明嘉万与清康熙年间先后出现两次高峰。但灾患的相似并不意味着灾情的相当,总体上清代灾情的下限要高于明代。从生态环境的角度看,水灾肆虐的另一面正是水土环境被重塑的过程,在里下河地区大致有三种演变路径:运西地区的湖泊化,运东腹地兼具湖荡化与荡沼化以及大片滨海平原的淤生。新的水乡格局构成农业特色化转型的新资源与新动力,尤其是采集类与湿地型农作生产纾解了传统农业比较效益低下的困局。明清里下河地区的研究显示,只有将灾害、环境与农业视角统合为一并相互观照,才能更清晰地揭示我国传统农业内蕴的韧性,也才能辩证地认知该区域社会的历史定性与走向问题。In the process of the Yellow River's capture of the Huai River's watercourse, the Lixiahe region was one of the areas which were latest and hardest hit by the disaster.Based on statistical analysis and reconstruction of the spatiotemporal sequence of floods in the Huang-Huai region, it can be found that the evolution of floods in the Lixiahe region during the Ming and Qing dynasties went through five stages.Since the period of Zhengde of Ming, floods had become normalized, reaching two peaks in the period of Jiajing and Wanli of Ming and the period of Kangxi of Qing.However, the similarity of disasters does not mean the similarity in the situation of disasters.Generally speaking, the lower limit of disasters in the Qing dynasty was higher than that in the Ming dynasty.From the perspective of ecological environment, the essence of the Huang-Huai floods was the process of reshaping the water and soil environment, which could be roughly divided into three evolution paths as far as the Lixiahe region was concerned: lacustrine transformation in the Yunxi area, lacustrine transformation, and marshy transformation in the Yundong hinterland, as well as extensive coastal plain siltation.This new water town pattern constituted a new resource and driving force for agricultural transformation, especially the rise of harvesting and water adapted agricultural production, which had alleviated the problem of low comparative efficiency in traditional agriculture.The study of the Lixiahe region in the Ming and Qing dynasties demonstrates that only by integrating the perspectives of disasters, environment, and agriculture can we dialectically understand the historical nature and development direction of regional society.

关 键 词：明清时期 里下河地区 黄淮水灾 特色农业 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] K249[历史地理—中国史]