再论“鼻”字入声的来源  

Source of the Entering Tone of“Bi(鼻)”in Chinese Revisited

作　　者：陈思捷 CHEN Sijie

机构地区：[1]浙江大学汉语史研究中心,310058 [2]浙江大学文学院,310058

出　　处：《历史语言学研究》2023年第2期247-267,共21页

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“东汉至唐朝出土文献汉语用字研究”(21&ZD295)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：不少现代方言中“鼻”的读音来源于入声,但中古韵书却无相应记载。关于其来源问题,目前的“上古遗留说”和“舒声促化说”均有不足。本文在此基础上展开进一步讨论,所得主要结论如下:1.“鼻”的入声并非源自上古,而是唐代以来促化音变的结果;2.“鼻”在唐五代时期发生复音化,在口语中不再能单用,是其发生促化的必要条件;3.“鼻”的入声读音起初只存在于连读中,不是单字音,因而未被历代主流韵书收录。后来此音作为口语俗音逐渐被固化为一个单字音;4.“鼻”的促化音变是汉语史上北方部分地区的一种创新音变,此后这一读音不断向其他地域扩散,总体上呈现由北向南的趋势。此外,本文还对“促化音均属质韵”“关中方音扩散的可能性”和“促化的偶然性”三个问题一一作了回答。“Bi(鼻)”in many Chinese dialects pronounces as or originates from the entering tone but few records in ancient documents have been discovered.There have been so many discussions on its source which can be generalized as two main opinions:the descendant of Archaic Chinese or the result of later abruptization(促化).This paper reiterates the latter speculation with much more evidences,and the main conclusions are elucidated as follows:(1)The entering tone of bi derives from a type of sandhi labelled abruptization after Tang dynasty rather than from Archaic Chinese.(2)It got obligatory to express the concept of NOSE with two(or more)syllables during the period of Tang and Five Dynasties,which then satisfied one of the necessary conditions of abruptization.(3)The entering tone of bi only existed in twosyllabic words at first,accounting for the absence of relevant records in ancient dictionaries which only collected single word sounds.(4)This abruptization was an innovation in northern dialects and spread gradually to southern regions.Besides,three correlative important questions are fully discussed as well.

关 键 词：鼻 舒声促化 字音史 词汇史 活语言 方言接触 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]