逆流而动:利益集团与美国退出国际组织  

作　　者：张雪滢 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院

出　　处：《复旦国际关系评论》2024年第1期344-373,共30页

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“比较视野下中国向联合国的资金贡献策略与影响力提升研究”(22CGJ008)的阶段性研究成果之一

摘　　要：国内政治对美国在国际组织的外交行为具有显著影响。历史上,尽管美国通过创立和维护国际组织获得了巨大收益和全球影响力,但因为国际组织的政策目标与美国利益之间的冲突,美国也会选择退出某些组织。本文认为,美国国内政治中存在着具有不同国际制度偏好的众多利益集团,这些利益集团持续影响了美国政府与国际组织间的长期对话和议价谈判。利益集团的偏好及其对政策制定者的影响力和国际组织对美国改革诉求的反应程度,共同决定了美国是否退出国际组织。通过对美国退出国际劳工组织和退出联合国教科文组织的实证研究,本文揭示了利益集团对国家偏好影响的两个阶段:第一,对国际制度持保留态度的利益集团会游说美国与国际组织重新谈判,以使政策目标更符合美国利益;第二,谈判结果将反过来影响各利益集团的力量平衡。如果美国在国际层面上采取拒绝支付会费等措施向国际组织施压但未能成功,那么对国际制度偏好较弱的利益集团的议价能力将相对得到提升,最终可能促使美国退出该组织。The domestic politics of the United States have a significant impact on its diplomatic behavior with international organizations.Historically,although the U.S.has gained substantial benefits and global influence through the creation and maintenance of internationalorganizations,it has also opted to withdraw from some due to conflicts between the organizations’policy objectives and American interests.This article argues that there are numerous interest groups with different preferences for international institutions within American domestic politics,and these interest groups continuously influence the long-term dialogue and bargaining negotiations between the U.S.government and international organizations.The paper argues that the preferences of interest groups and their influence on policymakers,combined with the responsiveness of international organizations to U.S.reform demands,jointly shape the outcomes of withdrawal decisions.Through empirical studies of the U.S.withdrawals from the International Labour Organization(ILO)and the United Nations Educational.Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESOO),the paper reveals a two-stage influence of interest groups on national preferences:initially,groups with reservations about international institutions lobby for renegotiations with international organizations to align policy goals more closely with U.S.interests.Subsequently,the outcomes of these negotiations in turn affect the power dynamics among various interest groups.If the U.S.applies pressure on international organizations through measures such as refusing to pay dues and fails to achieve success,the bargaining power of groups with weaker institutional preferences is relatively enhanced,ultimately leading to the U.S.withdrawing from the organization.

关 键 词：美国 利益集团 退出谈判 国际劳工组织 教科文组织 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学] D813[政治法律—外交学]