想象:由“是”到“应该”的心理机制  

Imagination: The Psychological Mechanism from “Is” to “Ought”

作　　者：李建华[1,2] LI Jianhua

机构地区：[1]武汉大学应用伦理学研究中心 [2]武汉大学哲学学院

出　　处：《哲学分析》2025年第1期105-115,198,共12页Philosophical Analysis

摘　　要：近代哲学以来,“主客二分”构成了所谓科学认识的前提,如何实现从“是”到“应该”或从“事实”到“价值”再到“规范”的过渡就成了无法逃避的难题之一。解决这一难题有两种方式:逻辑的和实践的。从“是”到“应该”靠逻辑证明(推导)是无法实现的,因为无数的“是”推出来的仅为“是”的集合;当然,实践活动或许可以实现主客观统一,但它也只能证明“是”为“真”而不是“应该”。“应该”不是存在论意义的“实存”,而是价值论层面的“想象”,即在想象世界中最好的或比较好的东西才是“应该”的,换言之,“应该”是“理想状态”。所以打通“是”到“应该”的桥梁还有第三种方式,即想象。想象是人主动参与和主观介入客观的具体化或可能性方法,也是全部社会规范建立的心理前提。不过,从“应该”“价值”到“规范”的路径更加复杂,即所有的“应该”未必都会转变为现实的“规范”。这不是人的想象力欠缺的问题,而是与社会普遍化的利益需要相关。Since the advent of modern philosophy,the“subject-object dichotomy”has formed the premise of so-called scientific understanding.Consequently,the transition from“is”to“ought,”or from“facts”to“values”and then to“norms,”has become one of the unavoidable“problems.”There are two ways to address this issue:logical and practical.It is impossible to achieve the transition from“is”to“ought”through logical proof(deduction),as an infinite number of“is”statements can only lead to a collection of“is”statements.While practical activities may achieve a unity of subject and object,they can at most verify the“truth”of“is”but not establish“ought.”“Ought”does not exist as an ontological“reality”;rather,it is an axiological“imagination.”That is,only the best or relatively better things in the imagined world can be called“ought.”In other words,“ought”represents an“ideal state.”Therefore,a third way to bridge the gap between“is”and“ought”is imagination.Imagination is the method by which humans actively participate in and subjectively intervene to concretize or realize possibilities within objectivity,serving as the psychological foundation for the establishment of all social norms.However,the path from“ought”and“value”to“norm”is even more complex,as not all“oughts”necessarily transform into actual“norms.”This is not due to a deficiency in human imagination but rather relates to the universal interests and needs of society.

关 键 词：想象 休谟问题 事实 价值 规范 理想 

分 类 号：B80[哲学宗教—思维科学]