稻田共作模式中重金属的污染特征及有效性控制研究  

Research on the pollution characteristics and effective control of heavy metals in co-cultivation rice field

作　　者：余俊杰 刘洋 罗文浩 赵婧 周丹丹 王霞 朱丽花 YU Junjie;LIU Yang;LUO Wenhao;ZHAO Jing;ZHOU Dandan;WANG Xia;ZHU Lihua(Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology/Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control,Kunming 650031,China)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学环境科学与工程学院/云南省土壤固碳与污染控制重点实验室,昆明650031

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报(中英文)》2025年第2期374-386,共13页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3709104);云南省万人计划青年拔尖项目(YNWR-QNBJ-2019-065);云南省基础研究优秀青年项目(202201AW070006);云南省科技重大专项(202202AG050019)资助。

摘　　要：近年来,新兴的稻渔共作生态农业模式发展迅速,但长期过量饲料、化肥和农药的混施,不达标废水的灌溉等造成稻田共作系统中重金属的累积,通过食物链的放大作用甚至对人类健康造成威胁。本研究系统综述了不同类型的稻田共作系统中土壤、水体的有机质、pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)以及微生物活动等性质的变化,重点剖析了稻田单作系统与稻鸭、稻虾共作系统中重金属转化和累积的差异,尝试建立这些差异与其中重金属的赋存形态和生物有效性间的关联。稻田共作模式有利于减轻重金属风险的环境条件主要包括:1)饲料、鸭粪和虾壳能增加共作系统环境介质中的有机质含量,通过吸附、络合作用可将游离态重金属转化为结合态;2)鸭尿、虾壳和外加石灰可通过升高环境介质的pH,增加的OH^(-)与碱土金属易形成难溶沉淀物;3)田间养鸭可升高土壤的Eh,增强铁锰氧化物对可溶性重金属的吸附沉淀;4)鸭和虾的活动可改善土壤质地,降低重金属的迁移性和生物有效性;5)微生物群落丰度和多样性的提高,且其分泌的胞外聚合物能够降低重金属的可利用度。根据上述分析,本文提出了减量、代替化肥饲料的重金属污染源头控制策略,为稻渔共作农业模式的农艺管理、重金属监测和食品安全保障提供科学依据。In recent years,the emergent collaborative ecological agricultural models of paddy field have thrived worldwide,displaying a robust growth momentum.However,longstanding agricultural practices involving the excessive combined use of feed,chemical fertilizers,and pesticides,along with improper treatments such as irrigation with substandard wastewater,have led to the significant accumulation of heavy metals within these agricultural systems.These heavy metals,which are present throughout the food chain,pose serious health threats to humans.This study,through a systematic review of the variations in physicochemical and biological properties,such as organic matter content,pH levels,redox potential(Eh),and microbial activity,in different types of paddy-based cocultivation systems,delves into the differences in heavy metal transformation and accumulation between monoculture systems and those integrating rice with ducks or shrimp.In particular,this study attempted to establish a correlation between these differences and the speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals,with the aim of providing a scientific basis for heavy metal risk management in ecological agriculture.These results indicate that the co-cultivation model fosters a series of environmental conditions that are conducive to mitigating the risk posed by heavy metals.1)Feed,duck manure,and shrimp shells significantly increased the organic matter content in the environmental media of the co-cultivation system,transforming free-state heavy metals into bound forms through adsorption and complexation.2)Duck urine,shrimp shells,and lime increased the pH of the environmental medium,promoting the formation of insoluble precipitates with alkaline earth metals.3)Field activities involving ducks enhanced the soil’s Eh value,improving the adsorption and precipitation of soluble heavy metals by iron and manganese oxides.4)The movement of ducks and shrimp not only ameliorated soil texture,but also reduced the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals,thereby diminis

关 键 词：稻田 共作农业 重金属 迁移 生物有效性 食物链 风险 

分 类 号：S344[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术] X131.3[农业科学—农艺学] S36[环境科学与工程—环境科学]