科举的宋代转折及其历史意义  

The Transformation of the Imperial Examination in the Song Dynasty and Its Historical Significance

作　　者：王瑞来 WANG Ruilai(Institute of Ancient Books Sorting and Reasearch,Sichuan University,Chengdu,Sichuan 610064,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学古籍整理研究所,成都610064

出　　处：《河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期48-56,共9页Journal of Hebei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

摘　　要：在科举制度的发展完善过程中,宋代是一个十分重要的节点。科举从隋代开启,终唐迄宋初,每榜取士人数极少。进入太宗朝,伴随着疆域的基本统一,重文抑武的战略转变,取代各级留用旧官僚的实际需要,呼应了崇文的潜流。宋太宗即位伊始,便毅然扩大科举取士规模。从此,作为一项国策,科举规模扩大化被持续下来。科举出身的知识精英掌控了从中央到地方的行政,前所未有地改变了中国传统社会的政治生态,形成了新型士大夫政治。士大夫政治还波及思想文化等各个方面,促成了儒学的转型,唤醒了读书人的独立精神,加速了全社会文化的普及。科举规模扩大化积蓄出庞大的士人阶层,在南宋政治、经济、文化重心合一的特殊背景下,推动了宋元变革社会转型,引导中国由近世走向近代。投向更为广阔的时空观察,宋代的科举转折,又奠定了此后元明清的科举制度形态,并且影响到宋朝周边民族政权,泽被东亚汉字文化圈。The Song Dynasty was a critical juncture in the development and refinement of the imperial examination system.Since its inception in the Sui Dynasty,the number of candidates selected in each examination remained extremely limited throughout the Tang period and into the early Song Dynasty.However,during Emperor Taizongs reign,with the basic unification of the empire,a strategic shift favoring civil governance over military power,and the practical need to replace outdated bureaucrats at various levels,these changes aligned with the broader cultural trend of valuing literature and scholarship.At the outset of Emperor Taizongs reign,he decisively expanded the scale of the imperial examination system.From then on,this expansion became a sustained national policy.The intellectual elites produced by this system assumed control of administrative functions from the central government to local levels,fundamentally transforming the political ecology of traditional Chinese society.This shift gave rise to a new form of scholar-official politics.Scholar-official politics extended beyond administration,influencing thought,culture,and other spheres.It facilitated the transformation of Confucianism,awakened the independent spirit of scholars,and accelerated the widespread dissemination of culture across society.The expanded scale of the imperial examination system fostered a large literati class,which,under the unique convergence of political,economic,and cultural priorities in the Southern Song Dynasty,drove the social transformation during the Song-Yuan transition and guided China from early modernity toward modernization.Viewed from a broader temporal and spatial perspective,the turning point of the imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty laid the foundation for its development in the Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties.Additionally,it influenced neighboring ethnic regimes and enriched the East Asian Sonographic cultural sphere.

关 键 词：科举 宋代 士大夫政治 君臣共治 独立精神 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]