抽象性的诊断与马克思的方案  

The Diagnosis of Abstractness and Marxs Solution

作　　者：林进龙 LIN Jinlong(School of Marxism,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Department of Philosophy,University of Sydney,Sydney 2006,Australia)

机构地区：[1]清华大学马克思主义学院,北京100084 [2]悉尼大学哲学系,悉尼2006

出　　处：《河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期149-160,共12页Journal of Hebei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

摘　　要：如果说“抽象”是人类思维行程中不可或缺的要素,那么包含“抽象”要素的思维行程如何避免得到“抽象性”的结论?这是马克思给自己设定的理论任务。从辩证法角度看,“抽象”概念的合法性只有在“具体”概念同时存在的情况下才能成立。据此,可以将人类的思维方式操作化为四种类型:“抽象—具体”“具体—抽象”“抽象—具体—抽象*”“具体—抽象—具体*”。从形式上说,前三种思维方式都以“抽象”作为起点或归宿,“具体”只是充当验证或应用“抽象”概念的逻辑工具;只有第四种思维方式从“具体”出发,最终回到“具体*”,作为中间环节的“抽象”则是为了更好地把握“具体”的本质。从内容上说,抽象性思维方式的实质在于,只有逻辑范畴或者逻辑公式的思维行程抹杀了感性的历史,因而其思维结果是有理性逻辑但无感性历史;为避免走向抽象性,必须具备历史性的视野和方法,克服“运动的纯粹逻辑公式”的局限,最终达到非抽象性意义上逻辑与历史的统一。这一思维方式的根本转变在人类思想史上具有革命性意义,可以说是马克思留给后世最为重要的遗产之一。If“abstraction”is an indispensable element in human thought processes,how can a thought process that includes“abstraction”elements avoid drawing conclusions about“abstractness”?This is the theoretical task that Marx set for himself.From a dialectical perspective,the legitimacy of the concept of“abstraction”can only be established in the presence of the concept of“concreteness”.Accordingly,human thinking methods can be operationalized into four types:“abstraction-concreteness”,“concreteness-abstraction”,“abstraction-concreteness-abstraction*”,and“concreteness-abstraction-concreteness*”.Formally,the first three thinking methods start or end with“abstraction”,where“concreteness”serves merely as a logical tool for verifying or applying abstract concepts.Only the fourth thinking method starts from“concreteness”and ultimately returns to“concreteness*”,with“abstraction”as an intermediate step to better grasp the essence of the“concreteness”.In terms of content,the essence of abstract thinking lies in the suppression of human history by focusing solely on logical categries or formulas,resulting in a thought process that has rational logic but lacks human history.To avoid becoming abstract,a historical perspective and method are necessary,overcoming the limitations of“pure logical formulas of movement”,ultimately achieving the unity of logic and history in a non-abstract sense.This fundamental shift in thinking methods holds revolutionary significance in the history of human thought and can be regarded as one of the most important legacies Marx left to posterity.

关 键 词：抽象 具体 逻辑 历史 抽象性 马克思 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]