《德意志意识形态》社会主义批判的历史意识和阶级意识  

History Consciousness and Class Consciousness of the Socialist Critique in German Ideology

作　　者：刘敬东[1] Liu Jingdong

机构地区：[1]清华大学马克思主义学院,北京100084

出　　处：《学术研究》2025年第2期9-19,177,共12页Academic Research

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金重点项目“马克思资本概念的三个维度及其张力”(16KDA002);清华大学自主科研计划W05-优先引导专项资助项目“资本、世界历史与共产主义”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：历史意识和阶级意识是《德意志意识形态》批判“真正的社会主义”的两个基本维度。现实个人的社会物质生产实践和无产阶级反抗现存统治的社会运动,构成《德意志意识形态》批判“真正的社会主义”从观念出发解释社会历史的历史唯心主义的前提和基础。《德意志意识形态》站在现代资产阶级生产方式向共产主义演变的历史制高点上,不仅揭示了“真正的社会主义”拒斥现代资产阶级生产方式、试图逆历史潮流而动的反历史的理论本质,而且批判了它代表德国小资产者反对无产阶级通过社会革命实现劳动自由和社会解放的阶级本质。《德意志意识形态》“真正的社会主义”批判的历史意识和阶级意识,在创立历史唯物主义、剩余价值理论和科学社会主义的过程中,都占有十分重要的理论地位。The socialist critique in German Ideology reflects Marx and Engels’history consciousness and class consciousness.The practice of social material production and the proletariat’s social movement against existing rule in German Ideology constitute the two foundations for critique of the modern German philosophy and the socialist critique.Thus,Marx and Engels elucidates the interrelationship between the historical basis and the ideology of the inversion of reality in“true socialism”,which presents historical idealism as an explanation of social history and real problems based on the illusory concepts of ideology.From the historical perspective of the mode of production of the modern bourgeoisie and its transition to Communism,Marx and Engels criticize the anti-history and reactionary social essence of“true socialism”,which fears and rejects the mode of production of the modern bourgeoisie and attempts to move upstream against history;on the other hand,they criticize the class essence of“true socialism”,which opposes the proletariat’s method of resolving modern social conflicts and achieving labor and social emancipation through social revolution and represents the class interests and ideology of the German petty bourgeoisie.History consciousness and class consciousness in German Ideology holds a significant position,no matter in the construction of historical materialism and the critique of political economics,or in the formation of scientific socialism.

关 键 词：马克思恩格斯 《德意志意识形态》 “真正的社会主义” 历史意识 阶级意识 

分 类 号：B03[哲学宗教—哲学理论]