孔子为什么不搞启发式教育  

Why Did Not Confucius Engage in Heuristic Education

作　　者：康永久[1] KANG Yongjiu(Faculty of Education,Beijing Normal University,Beijing,100875,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学教育学部,北京100875

出　　处：《全球教育展望》2025年第1期36-51,共16页Global Education

基　　金：2022年度北京师范大学教育学一流学科培优项目“城市化进程中儿童青少年的成长陷阱与教育改进研究”(项目编号:YLXKPY-ZYSB202205)与“基于中国式现代化道路的教育现代化推进原理研究”(项目编号:YLXKPY-XSDW202201)的中期成果

摘　　要：现有的理论都认为孔子搞的是启发式教育。事实上,即便在学生特别不理解也特别想理解的时候,孔子也不爱启发,其整个目的可以说是布道或悟道。这个过程不是通过打扰和叩问来实现的,而是通过以身作则、微言大义和心灵感应来实现的。这是一种精英教学法,也是一套集体经验形态的教育学,高度依赖学习者自身的素质和态度。其根源就在于那样一个大道至简、道不远人、为仁由己的亲密关系共同体世界。而在苏格拉底那里,启发式教育更加完备,那是因为以氏族或亲族为根基的亲密关系共同体,已经让位于以城邦为核心的紧密关系共同体。但即便这样,启发式教育也很危险。只有在传递一套日常生活中接触不到的知识与观念的现代教育中,我们才需要一系列真正循序渐进、循循善诱的启发过程。Existing theories believe that Confucius practiced heuristic education.In fact,even when students were particularly confused and eager to understand,Confucius did not favor a heuristic approach.His primary aim was more akin to preaching or guiding one towards enlightenment.This process was not achieved through probing or direct questioning,but rather through setting an example,using subtle words to convey profound meanings,and postering spiritual resonance.This can be seen as an elite pedagogy,or an educational model based on collective experience,which heavily relies on the learner's own qualities and attitudes.The root of this approach lies in a intimate community where the Dao is simple and not far away from persons,and the benevolence is at the mercy of oneself.In the time of Socrates,heuristic education is more complete because the intimate community based on clans or kinship has given way to the close-knit community centered on the city-state.But even there,heuristic education is still very dangerous.Only in modern education that conveys a set of knowledge and concepts that are not encountered in daily life,do we need a complete,constantly moving forward,truly gradual,and guiding process of initiation.

关 键 词：启发式教育 孔子 《论语》 精英教学法 集体经验形态的教育学 

分 类 号：G424[文化科学—课程与教学论]