刑事数据调取的规范反思与优化  

Reflecting on and Optimizing the Norms of Criminal Data Retrieval

作　　者：刘文琦 LIU Wenqi(Law School of Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100871

出　　处：《现代法学》2025年第1期195-208,共14页Modern Law Science

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究项目“侦查程序中调取个人信息的法律规制”(22SFB5031)。

摘　　要：刑事数据调取是常态化且效益显著的取证措施之一,涉及公民权利保护、侦查权力行使与平台协助义务三个方面。刑事电子数据规范从任意侦查的属性界定、调证文书相关性的干预范围控制,以及丰富性、绝对性与无偿性的调取配合义务三方面为数据调取构建规范框架,但上述规范在适用时存在以任意侦查替代强制侦查的权利失守缺陷、相关性约束失灵的权力扩张缺陷及配合主体陷入冲突困境的义务失衡缺陷。刑事数据调取规范缺陷的生成逻辑在于传统刑事诉讼权利保护体系无法因应新兴数据权利需求,入口型调取相关性规则的物理逻辑无法适配于虚拟场景,作为权力延伸的配合义务逻辑与案外第三方主体身份相矛盾这三个方面。优化刑事数据调取规范,应在导入个人信息权基础上对数据调取按强制属性进行分级,完善事前事后相关性的综合权力控制机制,构建协助调取的责任豁免与合理补偿机制。Criminal data access is a routine and highly effective collection measure that involves the triple dimensions of civil rights protection,the exercise of investigative powers and the platforms’obligation to assist.The norms for the retrieval of electronic criminal data establish a regulatory framework for data retrieval from three aspects:defining the attributes of arbitrary investigation,controlling the scope of intervention related to retrieval documents,and the inclusive,absolute and gratuitous obligations to cooperate with investigation;however,application of such norms involres defects such as the loss of rights due to the substitution of arbitrary investigation for compulsory investigation,the excessive expansion of power due to the failure of correlation constraints,and imbalance of obligations due to conflicts among cooperating parties.The logic behind the defects in criminal data retrieval norms lies in three aspects,namely,the inability of traditional criminal litigation rights protection system to cope with emerging data rights demands,failure of physical logic of entry-based retrieval correlation rules to adapt to virtual scenarios,and contradiction between the logic of cooperation obligations as an extension of power and the identity of third-party entities that are not parties to the cases.To optimize criminal data retrieval norms,it is imperative to classify data retrieval based on compulsory attributes on the basis of introducing the right to personal information,improve comprehensive power control over both pre-retrieval and post-retrieval correlations,and establish a mechanism for responsibility exemption and reasonable compensation for assisting in retrieval.

关 键 词：数据取证 相关性 权利体系 平台协助 

分 类 号：DF73[政治法律—诉讼法学]