战国时代“君主专制”国家形态的发展与定型  

Development and Formation of the“Autocratic Monarchy”State Forms in the Warring States Period

作　　者：张沛林 Zhang Peilin

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院古代史研究所 [2]中国历史研究院中国早期文明研究基地

出　　处：《中国社会科学院大学学报》2025年第1期133-147,156,共16页Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

基　　金：中国社会科学院研究阐释中华民族现代文明重大创新项目“中华文明‘五个突出特性’的历史维度、内在逻辑和发展脉络研究”(2023YZD036)、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：战国时代,中国形成了由中原地区与周边民族地区构成的“内、外缘层级”格局,中原地区的封建“君主专制”国家形态基本定型,周边民族地区的社会与国家形态则相对落后。但在中国历史的发展进程中,中原王朝在充分发展中央集权制度的同时,还不断积极影响周边民族。随着封建“君主专制”中央集权制度的初步确立,国家的行政区划逐渐清晰起来,“华夷”从种族区别转变为文化差异。“君主专制”国家形态下的“阶级平衡”理论在战国时代就已经有了较大发展。商鞅学派的理论与实践虽使秦国实现了国力的提升,但加剧了阶级矛盾。荀子则基于对秦国的实地考察与对统治理念的准确认识,提出了符合封建“君主专制”国家形态发展要求的“阶级平衡”思想。During the Warring States period,China developed a“core-periphery”structure consisting of the central plains and surrounding minority regions.The feudal“monarchical autocracy”state form in the central plains was essentially established,while the social and national forms in the surrounding minority regions remained relatively backward.However,throughout Chinese historical development,the central plains dynasties not only fully developed their centralized autocratic systems but also actively influenced the surrounding minorities.With the preliminary establishment of the feudal“monarchical autocracy”centralized autocratic system,the administrative divisions of the state gradually became clearer,and the distinction between“Hua”Han Chinese and“Yi”barbarians shifted from racial differences to cultural differences.The theory of“class equilibrium”under the“monarchical autocracy”state form had already seen significant development during the Warring States period.The theories and practices of the Shang Yang school,while strengthening the Qin state,exacerbated class contradictions.Xunzi,based on his field observations in Qin and an accurate understanding of governance concepts,proposed a“class equilibrium”ideology that met the developmental requirements of the feudal“monarchical autocracy”state form.

关 键 词：战国 君主专制 国家形态 中央集权 阶级平衡 

分 类 号：K231[历史地理—历史学]