优秀短跑运动员速度能力的生物医学和力学特征研究进展  

Advancements in research on biomedical and mechanical characteristics of speed capabilities in elite sprinters

作　　者：钟佳轩 莫有雪 岳文言 高照 方健辉 梁兴森 王华军[1] 郑小飞 ZHONG Jiaxuan;MO Youxue;YUE Wenyan;GAO Zhao;FANG Jianhui;LIANG Xingsen;WANG Huajun;ZHENG Xiaofei(Department of Sports Medicine,The First Affiliated Hospital∥The Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine∥Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Speed Capability,Jinan University,Guangzhou 510630,Guangdong,China;School of Physical Education,Jinan University,Guangzhou 510630,Guangdong,China;Er Sha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510105,Guangdong,China;Sports Hospital,Er Sha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou 510105,Guangdong,China;Sports Medicine Rehabilitation Center of Guangzhou Sport University,Guangzhou 510620,Guangdong,China)

机构地区：[1]暨南大学附属第一医院运动医学科∥广州市精准骨科与再生医学重点实验室∥广东省速度能力研究重点实验室,广东广州510630 [2]暨南大学体育学院,广东广州510630 [3]广东省二沙体育训练中心,广东广州510105 [4]广东省二沙体育训练中心体育医院,广东广州510105 [5]广州体育学院运动医学康复中心,广东广州510620

出　　处：《暨南大学学报(自然科学与医学版)》2025年第1期60-69,共10页Journal of Jinan University(Natural Science & Medicine Edition)

基　　金：广东省速度能力研究重点实验室开放基金项目(2023B1212010009);广州市科技计划项目(2024A03J0971,2023A03J1015);广东省体育局科技创新和体育文化发展科研重点项目(GDSS2022M002);中央高校基本科研业务费项目交叉研究项目(21623119);暨南大学附属第一医院临床前沿新技术项目(JNU1AF-CFTP-2022-a01204);中国大学生体育协会研究项目(202203007)。

摘　　要：本文综述了优秀短跑运动员速度能力的生物医学和力学特征等因素的研究进展,旨在为科学、全面地评估和选拔短跑运动员提供参考。短跑运动员速度能力的生物医学特征包括基因分型、身体形态、生理机能等因素,主要研究进展显示:α-辅肌动蛋白3(α-actinin-3,ACTN3)基因已被证实与短跑运动员的冲刺和跳跃性能密切相关;运动员的肌肉形态与体积、肌纤维类型也对短跑表现具有显著性影响;生理机能监测研究证实,心肺功能和血睾酮水平等指标,能够实时反映运动员的生理状态并有效评估训练效果。运动员的生物力学特征在短跑中也极为重要,肌肉长度、肌腱和腱膜的最大伸长、足底屈肌扭矩同样是决定短跑成绩的关键因素。此外,心理因素、年龄因素、短跑相关科学训练手段等将综合影响运动员的成绩发挥。This review summarized the research progress on the biomedical and biomechanical characteristics,influencing the speed ability of elite sprinters,aiming to provide a scientific and comprehensive reference for the assessment and selection of sprinters.The biomedical characteristics of sprinters′speed ability including the related genotyping,body morphology,and physiological functions and etc.The main researches showed:The ACTN3 gene has been confirmed to be closely associated with sprint and jump performance in sprinters;Muscle morphology and volume,as well as muscle fiber type,also have significant impacts on sprint performance;Physiological function monitoring studies have demonstrated that indicators,such as cardiopulmonary function and blood testosterone levels,can reflect athletes′physiological states in real-time and effectively assess training effectiveness.The importance of athletes′biomechanical characteristics in sprinting is also crucial.Research has confirmed that muscle length,maximum elongation of tendons and aponeuroses,and plantar flexor torque are equally key factors determining sprint performance.Furthermore,psychological factors,age,starting techniques,and the scientific training methods collectively influence athletes′performance outcomes.

关 键 词：短跑运动员 速度能力 α-辅肌动蛋白3 生理机能 身体形态 

分 类 号：G82[文化科学—体育训练]